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BIOSCI107 > Organisation of the Human Body > Flashcards

Organisation of the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

How many levels are there in the structural organisation of the human body?

A

6

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2
Q

What are the 6 levels of Structural Organisation?

A

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, Organismal

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3
Q

What is the Chemical level of the structural organisation? And give an example.

A

The building blocks of the body. Example: Atoms

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4
Q

What is the Cellular level of the structural organisation? And give an example

A

Basic structural and functional units of the body (~200 types). Example: Cardiac muscle cells

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5
Q

What is the Tissue level of the structural organisation? And give an example.

A

Tissues are group of cells that work together to perform a particular function. Example: cardiac muscle

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6
Q

What is the organ level of the Structural Organisation? Give an example.

A

Organs are structures with specific functions composed of two or more types of tissue. Example: Heart

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7
Q

What is the system level of the Structural Organisation? Give an example

A

A system consists of related organs with a common function. Example: Cardiovascular

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8
Q

What is the Organismal level of the Structural Organisation? Give an example.

A

All the parts of the body function together to constitute a living organism.

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9
Q

How many levels is the human body organised into?

A

11

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10
Q

What are the eleven body systems?

A

(MURDERS LINC)
- Muscular system
- Urinary system
- Respiratory system
- Digestive system
- Endocrine system
- Reproductive system
- Lymphatic and immune system
- Integumentary system
- Nervous system
- Cardiovascular system

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11
Q

Name the organs of the Muscular system

A
  • Skeletal muscles (Axial and Appendicular)
  • Tendons
  • Aponeurose
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12
Q

What is the function of the skeletal muscles

A

It is to provide skeletal movement, control entrance and exit to digestive, respiratory and urinary systems. Produces heat (muscle shivering), support the skeleton and protects soft tissue.

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13
Q

What is the function of tendons?

A

Tendons connect bone to muscle. They translate contractile forces into tasks

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14
Q

What is the function of aponeurose?

A

Aponeuroses connects muscle to muscle. They translate contractile forces into tasks

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15
Q

What is the function of axial muscles?

A

Provide support and position of the axial skeleton

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16
Q

What is the function of appendicular muscles?

A

Support and movement of limbs.

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17
Q

What is the function of the skeletal system?

A
  • Skeleton (axial and appendicular)
  • Bones
  • Cartilage
  • Joints
  • Ligaments
  • Bone marrow (red and yellow)
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18
Q

What function of bones?

A

Stores minerals

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19
Q

What is the function of the axial skeleton?

A

Protects brain and spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of thorax. Support body weight.

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20
Q

What is the function of appendicular skeleton?

A

Provides internal support and position of externals limbs. Supports and enables muscle to move skeleton.

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21
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A

Bone interface

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22
Q

What is the function of ligaments?

A

Ligaments are fibrous connections between two bones

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23
Q

What is the function of bone marrow?

A

Red - Production of red blood cells.
Yellow - storage of fat cells

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23
Q

What is the function of bone marrow?

A

Red - Production of red blood cells.
Yellow - storage of fat cells

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24
Q

Name the organs of the nervous system

A
  • CNS (Central Nervous System) Spinal cord and the brain.
  • PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)
  • Special senses
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25
Q

What is the function of the CNS?

A

Central Nervous System acts as the control centre (allows short term control of other systems)

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26
Q

What is the function of the brain?

A

Carries out complex integrative activities (takes info and responds to chemical and neurological stimuli). Controls voluntary and involuntary action.

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27
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A

Carries action potentials between the peripheral nerves and the brain. Performs less complex integrative activities.

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28
Q

What is the function of the PNS?

A

Links CNS with other systems and sense organs

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29
Q

Name the organs of the Endocrine system

A
  • Pineal Gland
  • Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland
  • Thyroid Gland
  • Parathyroid Gland
  • Thymus
  • Adrenal glands
  • Kidneys
  • Pancreas
  • Gonads
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30
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A

Regulate day and night rhythm (sleep patterns)

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31
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Control centre of endocrine system. (Regulates growth)

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32
Q

What is the function of the thyroid gland?

A

Regulates metabolic rate. Regulates calcium levels.

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33
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid gland?

A

Regulates calcium levels

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34
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

Controls maturation of lymphocytes (WBCs)

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35
Q

What is the function of adrenal glands?

A

Water and mineral balance (Aldosterone). Tissue metabolism (Cortisol). Cardio and Respiratory function. (Adrenaline)

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36
Q

What is the function of kidneys

A

Red blood cell production. Maintain blood pressure. Regulates calcium levels.

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37
Q

What is the function of pancreas (As part of the endocrine system)?

A

Glucose control

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38
Q

What is the function of gonads?

A

Development of sexual characteristics and reproduction

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39
Q

Name the organs of the lymphatic system

A
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Lymphatic fluid
  • B cells and T cells
  • Lymph nodes (including tonsils)
  • Spleen
  • Thymus
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40
Q

What is the function of lymphatic vessels?

A

Carry lymph fluid (water and protein) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of cardiovascular system where they re-enter blood flow

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41
Q

What is the function of lymphatic fluid?

A

They carry lymphocytes

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42
Q

What is the function of B cells and T cells?

A

Involved in immune response

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43
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes?

A

Monitor composition of lymph (via filtering, phagocytosis and immune reactions). Stimulate immune response. Engulfs pathogens

44
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

Monitors circulation of blood cells. Engulfs pathogens. Recycle red blood cells. Stimulates immune response. (Consider spleen as a sort of large lymph node)

45
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

Controls development and maintenance of the T cell lymphocytes

46
Q

Name the organs of the cardiovascular system

A
  • Heart
  • Veins
  • Arteries
  • Capillaries
  • Blood
47
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

Maintain blood pressure. Pump blood around the body

48
Q

What is the function of veins

A

Carry blood to the heart

49
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

Carry blood away from the heart

50
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Carry blood to and from body cells. Diffusion between blood and tissue fluids

51
Q

What is the function of blood?

A

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Transport nutrients and hormones. Remove waste. Temperature regulation. Carry immune cells for defence against illness. Maintain pH levels.

52
Q

What are the components of the respiratory system?

A
  • Nasal cavity and paransala sinuses
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs
53
Q

What is the function of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses?

A

Filter air. Warm air. Humidify air. Detect smell

54
Q

What is the function of pharynx?

A

Conducts air to larynx

55
Q

What is the function of Larynx?

A

Protects opening to trachea and contains vocal cords to allow vocalisation

56
Q

What is the function of trachea?

A

Conducts air. Contains C-shaped cartilage to prevent collasping

57
Q

What is the function of bronchi?

A

Conducts air between trachea and lungs

58
Q

What is the function of lungs?

A

Air movement. Gas exchange between alveoli and blood. Acid base control

59
Q

What is the components of the digestive system?

A
  • Oral cavity
  • Salivary Glands
  • Pharynx
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Large intestines and Anus
60
Q

What is the function of oral cavity

A

Breaks up the food using teeth and tongue

61
Q

What is the function of salivary glands?

A

Buffers and lubricant for food. Contains enzymes which breakdown food

62
Q

What is the function of pharynx?

A

Moves food and liquids to the oesophagus. Shared with respiratory system

63
Q

What is the function of the oesophagus?

A

Deliver food to the stomach

64
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

Digest food using stomach acid. Contains enzymes and hormones

65
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

Contain digestive enzymes. Buffer and hormones. Absorbs nutrients

66
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

Secretes bile. Regulates nutrients in blood

67
Q

What is the function of gallbladder?

A

Concentrates bile

68
Q

What is the function of pancreas? (as part of the digestive system)

A

Contains digestive enzymes. Buffers. Endocrine cells

69
Q

What is the function of the large intestines and the anus?

A

Water removal. Waste storage and removal

70
Q

Name the organs in the urinary system

A
  • Kidney
  • Ureters
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
71
Q

What is the function of the kidney? (as part of the urinary system)

A

Form and concentrate urine. Regulate pH and ions. Blood volume and blood pressure. Also a part of endocrine system

72
Q

What is the function of ureters?

A

Conduct urine to bladder

73
Q

What is the function of bladder

A

Store urine prior to elimination

74
Q

What is the function of the urethra

A

Conducts urine to exterior

75
Q

Name the components of the male reproductive system

A
  • Testes
  • Epididymis
  • Ductus (vas) deferens
  • Seminal glands
  • Prostate gland
  • Urethra
  • Penis
  • Scrotum
76
Q

What is the function of testes?

A

Produce sperm. Produces hormones as part of the endocrine system

77
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

Sperm maturation

78
Q

What is the function of ductus deferens?

A

Sperm from epididymis

79
Q

What is the function of seminal glands?

A

Contain seminal fluid

80
Q

What is the function of prostate gland?

A

Produces fluid that nourishes and transport sperm

81
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Moves sperm outside of body

82
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

Reproduction

83
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

Controls testes

84
Q

What are the components of the female’s reproductive system?

A
  • Ovaries
  • Uterine tubes
  • Uterus
  • Vaginal and external genitalia
  • Mammary glands
85
Q

What is the function of the ovaries?

A

Oocytes and hormones. (In the endocrine system as well)

86
Q

What is the function of the uterine tubes

A

Deliver oocytes. Location of fertilisation

87
Q

What is the function of the uterus?

A

Embryonic development

88
Q

What is the component of the Vaginal and external genitalia?

A

Lubrication. Sperm reception. Birth canal

89
Q

What is the function of the Mammary glands?

A

Nutrition for new-born. (This is modified sweat gland and so also part of the integumentary system)

90
Q

What are the components of the Integumentary system?

A
  • Cutaneous membrane (skin) Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Hair follicles. Hairs.
  • Sebaceous glands
  • Sweat glands
  • Nails
  • Sensory receptors
  • Hypodermis
91
Q

What is the function of the Epidermis

A

Protects; cover surface. Protects; deeper tissues; Vitamin D production

92
Q

What is the function of Dermis?

A

Feeds epidermis; strength; glands

93
Q

What is the function of Hair Follicles

A

Sensation from Innervation

94
Q

What is the function of hair?

A

Protection

95
Q

What is the function of Sebaceous glands?

A

Lubricates hair shaft and epidermis - removes waste

96
Q

What is the function of sweat glands? (Breast tissue is modified sweat gland)

A

Thermoregulation: Evaporate cooling (sweating)

97
Q

What is the function of Nails? (Epidermis and dermis)

A

Stiffen and protect digits

98
Q

What is the function of Sensory receptors?

A

Detects sensations: touch, pressure, temperature, and pain

99
Q

What is the function of Hypodermis?

A

Fat stores; Attaches skin to deeper layers

100
Q

What are the four levels of the basic tissue types

A
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Nervous tissue
101
Q

What is Epithelial tissue ?

A

Covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, tubes, cavities and ducts; forms glands.

102
Q

What is the function of Epithelial tissue?

A

Protection; filtration; secretion; absorption; excretion

103
Q

What is Connective tissue?

A

Cells in a matrix of fibres and ground substances (includes blood and bones)

104
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

Protects and supports; binds organs together; store energy; transport (blood)

105
Q

What is Muscle tissue?

A

Contractile cells (muscle fibres)

106
Q

What is the function of Muscle tissue?

A

Movement

107
Q

What is Nervous tissue?

A

Conducts nerve cells and supports neuroglia

108
Q

What is the function of Nervous tissue?

A

Detects changes and generates nerve impulses.

BIOSCI107 (6 decks)

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