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Organisation of the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

How many levels are there in the structural organisation of the human body?

A

6

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2
Q

What are the 6 levels of Structural Organisation?

A

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, Organismal

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3
Q

What is the Chemical level of the structural organisation? And give an example.

A

The building blocks of the body. Example: Atoms

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4
Q

What is the Cellular level of the structural organisation? And give an example

A

Basic structural and functional units of the body (~200 types). Example: Cardiac muscle cells

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5
Q

What is the Tissue level of the structural organisation? And give an example.

A

Tissues are group of cells that work together to perform a particular function. Example: cardiac muscle

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6
Q

What is the organ level of the Structural Organisation? Give an example.

A

Organs are structures with specific functions composed of two or more types of tissue. Example: Heart

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7
Q

What is the system level of the Structural Organisation? Give an example

A

A system consists of related organs with a common function. Example: Cardiovascular

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8
Q

What is the Organismal level of the Structural Organisation? Give an example.

A

All the parts of the body function together to constitute a living organism.

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9
Q

How many levels is the human body organised into?

A

11

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10
Q

What are the eleven body systems?

A

(MURDERS LINC)
- Muscular system
- Urinary system
- Respiratory system
- Digestive system
- Endocrine system
- Reproductive system
- Lymphatic and immune system
- Integumentary system
- Nervous system
- Cardiovascular system

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11
Q

Name the organs of the Muscular system

A
  • Skeletal muscles (Axial and Appendicular)
  • Tendons
  • Aponeurose
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12
Q

What is the function of the skeletal muscles

A

It is to provide skeletal movement, control entrance and exit to digestive, respiratory and urinary systems. Produces heat (muscle shivering), support the skeleton and protects soft tissue.

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13
Q

What is the function of tendons?

A

Tendons connect bone to muscle. They translate contractile forces into tasks

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14
Q

What is the function of aponeurose?

A

Aponeuroses connects muscle to muscle. They translate contractile forces into tasks

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15
Q

What is the function of axial muscles?

A

Provide support and position of the axial skeleton

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16
Q

What is the function of appendicular muscles?

A

Support and movement of limbs.

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17
Q

What is the function of the skeletal system?

A
  • Skeleton (axial and appendicular)
  • Bones
  • Cartilage
  • Joints
  • Ligaments
  • Bone marrow (red and yellow)
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18
Q

What function of bones?

A

Stores minerals

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19
Q

What is the function of the axial skeleton?

A

Protects brain and spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of thorax. Support body weight.

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20
Q

What is the function of appendicular skeleton?

A

Provides internal support and position of externals limbs. Supports and enables muscle to move skeleton.

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21
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A

Bone interface

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22
Q

What is the function of ligaments?

A

Ligaments are fibrous connections between two bones

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23
Q

What is the function of bone marrow?

A

Red - Production of red blood cells.
Yellow - storage of fat cells

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23
Q

What is the function of bone marrow?

A

Red - Production of red blood cells.
Yellow - storage of fat cells

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24
Name the organs of the nervous system
- CNS (Central Nervous System) Spinal cord and the brain. - PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) - Special senses
25
What is the function of the CNS?
Central Nervous System acts as the control centre (allows short term control of other systems)
26
What is the function of the brain?
Carries out complex integrative activities (takes info and responds to chemical and neurological stimuli). Controls voluntary and involuntary action.
27
What is the function of the spinal cord?
Carries action potentials between the peripheral nerves and the brain. Performs less complex integrative activities.
28
What is the function of the PNS?
Links CNS with other systems and sense organs
29
Name the organs of the Endocrine system
- Pineal Gland - Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland - Thyroid Gland - Parathyroid Gland - Thymus - Adrenal glands - Kidneys - Pancreas - Gonads
30
What is the function of the pineal gland?
Regulate day and night rhythm (sleep patterns)
31
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Control centre of endocrine system. (Regulates growth)
32
What is the function of the thyroid gland?
Regulates metabolic rate. Regulates calcium levels.
33
What is the function of the parathyroid gland?
Regulates calcium levels
34
What is the function of the thymus?
Controls maturation of lymphocytes (WBCs)
35
What is the function of adrenal glands?
Water and mineral balance (Aldosterone). Tissue metabolism (Cortisol). Cardio and Respiratory function. (Adrenaline)
36
What is the function of kidneys
Red blood cell production. Maintain blood pressure. Regulates calcium levels.
37
What is the function of pancreas (As part of the endocrine system)?
Glucose control
38
What is the function of gonads?
Development of sexual characteristics and reproduction
39
Name the organs of the lymphatic system
- Lymphatic vessels - Lymphatic fluid - B cells and T cells - Lymph nodes (including tonsils) - Spleen - Thymus
40
What is the function of lymphatic vessels?
Carry lymph fluid (water and protein) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of cardiovascular system where they re-enter blood flow
41
What is the function of lymphatic fluid?
They carry lymphocytes
42
What is the function of B cells and T cells?
Involved in immune response
43
What is the function of lymph nodes?
Monitor composition of lymph (via filtering, phagocytosis and immune reactions). Stimulate immune response. Engulfs pathogens
44
What is the function of the spleen?
Monitors circulation of blood cells. Engulfs pathogens. Recycle red blood cells. Stimulates immune response. (Consider spleen as a sort of large lymph node)
45
What is the function of the thymus?
Controls development and maintenance of the T cell lymphocytes
46
Name the organs of the cardiovascular system
- Heart - Veins - Arteries - Capillaries - Blood
47
What is the function of the heart?
Maintain blood pressure. Pump blood around the body
48
What is the function of veins
Carry blood to the heart
49
What is the function of arteries?
Carry blood away from the heart
50
What is the function of capillaries?
Carry blood to and from body cells. Diffusion between blood and tissue fluids
51
What is the function of blood?
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. Transport nutrients and hormones. Remove waste. Temperature regulation. Carry immune cells for defence against illness. Maintain pH levels.
52
What are the components of the respiratory system?
- Nasal cavity and paransala sinuses - Pharynx - Larynx - Trachea - Bronchi - Lungs
53
What is the function of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses?
Filter air. Warm air. Humidify air. Detect smell
54
What is the function of pharynx?
Conducts air to larynx
55
What is the function of Larynx?
Protects opening to trachea and contains vocal cords to allow vocalisation
56
What is the function of trachea?
Conducts air. Contains C-shaped cartilage to prevent collasping
57
What is the function of bronchi?
Conducts air between trachea and lungs
58
What is the function of lungs?
Air movement. Gas exchange between alveoli and blood. Acid base control
59
What is the components of the digestive system?
- Oral cavity - Salivary Glands - Pharynx - Oesophagus - Stomach - Small intestine - Liver - Gallbladder - Large intestines and Anus
60
What is the function of oral cavity
Breaks up the food using teeth and tongue
61
What is the function of salivary glands?
Buffers and lubricant for food. Contains enzymes which breakdown food
62
What is the function of pharynx?
Moves food and liquids to the oesophagus. Shared with respiratory system
63
What is the function of the oesophagus?
Deliver food to the stomach
64
What is the function of the stomach?
Digest food using stomach acid. Contains enzymes and hormones
65
What is the function of the small intestine?
Contain digestive enzymes. Buffer and hormones. Absorbs nutrients
66
What is the function of the liver?
Secretes bile. Regulates nutrients in blood
67
What is the function of gallbladder?
Concentrates bile
68
What is the function of pancreas? (as part of the digestive system)
Contains digestive enzymes. Buffers. Endocrine cells
69
What is the function of the large intestines and the anus?
Water removal. Waste storage and removal
70
Name the organs in the urinary system
- Kidney - Ureters - Bladder - Urethra
71
What is the function of the kidney? (as part of the urinary system)
Form and concentrate urine. Regulate pH and ions. Blood volume and blood pressure. Also a part of endocrine system
72
What is the function of ureters?
Conduct urine to bladder
73
What is the function of bladder
Store urine prior to elimination
74
What is the function of the urethra
Conducts urine to exterior
75
Name the components of the male reproductive system
- Testes - Epididymis - Ductus (vas) deferens - Seminal glands - Prostate gland - Urethra - Penis - Scrotum
76
What is the function of testes?
Produce sperm. Produces hormones as part of the endocrine system
77
What is the function of the epididymis?
Sperm maturation
78
What is the function of ductus deferens?
Sperm from epididymis
79
What is the function of seminal glands?
Contain seminal fluid
80
What is the function of prostate gland?
Produces fluid that nourishes and transport sperm
81
What is the function of the urethra?
Moves sperm outside of body
82
What is the function of the penis?
Reproduction
83
What is the function of the scrotum?
Controls testes
84
What are the components of the female's reproductive system?
- Ovaries - Uterine tubes - Uterus - Vaginal and external genitalia - Mammary glands
85
What is the function of the ovaries?
Oocytes and hormones. (In the endocrine system as well)
86
What is the function of the uterine tubes
Deliver oocytes. Location of fertilisation
87
What is the function of the uterus?
Embryonic development
88
What is the component of the Vaginal and external genitalia?
Lubrication. Sperm reception. Birth canal
89
What is the function of the Mammary glands?
Nutrition for new-born. (This is modified sweat gland and so also part of the integumentary system)
90
What are the components of the Integumentary system?
- Cutaneous membrane (skin) Epidermis - Dermis - Hair follicles. Hairs. - Sebaceous glands - Sweat glands - Nails - Sensory receptors - Hypodermis
91
What is the function of the Epidermis
Protects; cover surface. Protects; deeper tissues; Vitamin D production
92
What is the function of Dermis?
Feeds epidermis; strength; glands
93
What is the function of Hair Follicles
Sensation from Innervation
94
What is the function of hair?
Protection
95
What is the function of Sebaceous glands?
Lubricates hair shaft and epidermis - removes waste
96
What is the function of sweat glands? (Breast tissue is modified sweat gland)
Thermoregulation: Evaporate cooling (sweating)
97
What is the function of Nails? (Epidermis and dermis)
Stiffen and protect digits
98
What is the function of Sensory receptors?
Detects sensations: touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
99
What is the function of Hypodermis?
Fat stores; Attaches skin to deeper layers
100
What are the four levels of the basic tissue types
- Epithelial tissue - Connective tissue - Muscle tissue - Nervous tissue
101
What is Epithelial tissue ?
Covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, tubes, cavities and ducts; forms glands.
102
What is the function of Epithelial tissue?
Protection; filtration; secretion; absorption; excretion
103
What is Connective tissue?
Cells in a matrix of fibres and ground substances (includes blood and bones)
104
What is the function of connective tissue?
Protects and supports; binds organs together; store energy; transport (blood)
105
What is Muscle tissue?
Contractile cells (muscle fibres)
106
What is the function of Muscle tissue?
Movement
107
What is Nervous tissue?
Conducts nerve cells and supports neuroglia
108
What is the function of Nervous tissue?
Detects changes and generates nerve impulses.

BIOSCI107 (6 decks)

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