Tissues of the Body Flashcards
Describe the composition and functions of epithelium and connective tissue
epithelia are specialised according to their function. it covers surfaces of the body and is separated from the surrounding tissue by a basement membrane. they separate areas within the body and helps to hold tissues together.
Connective tissue is a support tissue, it is 95% extracellular matrix and 5% cells.
Describe the types of epithelium and explain their function and examples of where each type is found
- stratified squamous is used for protection
- simple squamous is used for diffusion
- transitional epithelium is used in areas that need to stretch.
- columnar epithelium is used for secretion and absorption
Explain the structure of the basement membrane and why it is important
the basement membrane is a matrix to which epithelial cells attach themselves to. they help cells to orientate themselves. it is composed of type IV collagen, glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans.
Give examples of the main cells and common extracellular matrix proteins in connective tissue and indicate the importance of extracellular matrix
the ECM is collagen, elastin and ground substance. it provides support for cells. connective tissues can contain fibrillin, fibronectin and laminin.
Appreciate that the different properties of connective tissue arise from different proportions of these basic components.
- The tendon matrix requires tensile strength and is made from collagen type 1.
- The dermis of the skin is an elastin and collagen network.
- The cartilage is made from collagen type 2 and glycosaminoglycans.
Describe the design, strengths and limitations of cross-sectional studies
- gather info on a smaple of people at a single point in time
- cheap, quick and easy
- no follow up needed
- sample may not be representative of entire population
- not useful for rare disease
- can’t be used to assess causation
Calculate and interpret measures of effect, including a risk ratio, odds ratio and mean difference
risk ratio = risk of exposed/risk of unexposed
odds ratio = odds (exposed)/odds (unexposed)
mean difference = mean of exposed - mean of unexposed
Define, calculate and interpret attributable risk
- atrributal risk - a measure of excess risk caused by exposure to a particular factor.
- risk in the exposed group - risk in the unexposed group
Interpret confidence intervals
A 95% confidence interval is a range of values that you can be 95% certain contains the true mean of the population.
Classify different types of gland according to their structure and function.
- Pink/purple cytoplasm, watery fluid produced, serous glands
- Pale cytoplasm, producing mucous, mucous gland
Describe the concept of stress and how its measured
Stress is a physical or psychological process to prepare a person to cope with a particular demand. it is measured by life events, such as using the life change model of stress.
Give examples of common stressors.
social interaction, isolation, crowds, tests, moving, arguments
Identify factors such as life events that may make individuals vulnerable to the effects of stress
childhood trauma, vulnerability to mental disorders, lack of social support
Suggest mechanisms by which stress may affect mental and physical health
stress can lead to over eating, excessive drinking, smoking, doing drugs, people can stop exercising, lack of concentration, stop getting medical care, problems with the cardiovascular system, longer healing times
Evaluate different techniques used to manage stress
exercise, meditation, social support, mindfulness, cognitive behaviour therapy. patients can be alliveated of stress by feeling in control.
