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Plant Biology > Tissues and Primary growth of stems > Flashcards

Tissues and Primary growth of stems Flashcards

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1
Q

How are flowering plants classified?

A

Magnoliophyta or Angiosperms

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2
Q

Magnoliophyta are divided into three groups, name them.

A

Basal angiosperms
Eudicots (dicotelydon- broad leaves)
Monodicots( monodicotyledon-narrow leaves)

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3
Q

What is the primary body?

A

It is the herbaceous body that is derived from shoot and root apical meristems.

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4
Q

What primary tissues make up the primary body?

A

Epidermis

pith (central part of stem, starch storage, intercellular gas exchange, transport of substances from vascular bundle to outer stem)

cortex (collenchyma (support), parenchyma (making food) and endodermis (storage), and others

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5
Q

What is the secondary body?

A

The secondary plant body is derived from meristems other than the apical meristems growth of secondary tissues in the vascular or cork cambia, it results in the development of wood and/or bark.

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6
Q

What are meristemic tissues in plants?

A

These are dividing tissues that help the plant grow and are restricted to three parts of the plant apical meristem (growing tips of roots and stems), Lateral meristems (cambium

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7
Q

What are the 3 classes that all cells are divided?

A

Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma

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8
Q

What are parenchyma cells?

A

These are cells are thin walls and make up the soft portions of the plant. They remain metabolically active as they mature.

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9
Q

What are the types of parenchyma?

A

Chlorenchyma , Glandular cells and Transfer cells

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10
Q

What are chlorenchyma?

A

These cells are speciallised to do photosynthesis
- they have thin transparent walls that allow light to enter

-they contain chloroplasts for capturing sunlight

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11
Q

What kind of cells are pigmented cells?

A

Pigmented cells are parenchyma as the walls are thin enough to see the pigments.

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12
Q

What are glandular cells?

A

These are parenchyma with a lot of golgi apparatus and ER

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13
Q

What are Collenchyma?

A

These are cells that have unevenly thickened walls as it is only at the corners of the cell.

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14
Q

What do Collenchyma cells do?

A

These are cells that provide plastic strength to the cell allowing them to be flexible.

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15
Q

Where are collenchyma cells present?

A
  • Under the epidermis of the plant
  • Supporting the vascular bundle
  • cortex
  • leaves
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16
Q

What are sclerenchyma?

A

These have cell walls that are thick with lignin.

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17
Q

What do sclerenchyma do for the plant?

A

Elasticity allows for the plant to return to their original shape when deformed.

Strength provides the plant with support despite lack of turgor pressure

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18
Q

What are the types of Sclerenchyma?

A

Conducting and Mechanical

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19
Q

What are two types of mechanical Sclerenchyma?

A

Fiber and Sclereid

20
Q

What are Fibers?

A
  • Long and flexible

- Mostly found in areas that need strength to support but need elasticity to bend

21
Q

What are Sclereids?

A
  • Short and cuboidal
  • Has strong walls that make it inflexible and brittle
  • Forms hard, impenetrable
  • small plasmodesmata remain free of secondary wall (lignin) become narrow pits
22
Q

What are pit-pairs?

A

Pit pairs are plasmodesmata that are next to each other in the secondary wall.

23
Q

What are conducting sclerenchyma?

A

Transports water

24
Q

What are examples of conducting sclerenchyma?

A

Tracheary elements of the xylem (tracheids and vessel elements)

25
Q

What is a shoot?

A

This is that part of the plant comprised of stem and leaves

26
Q

What are nodes?

A

Part of the plant that the leaves attach to the stems at

27
Q

What are internodes?

A

The regions between the nodes.

28
Q

What is present above the node?

A

The axillary bud is present right above the node

It is a miniature shoot with a dormant apical meristem.

29
Q

What is the terminal bud?

A

This is the active apical meristem present at the top of each stem

30
Q

What does phyllotaxy mean?

A

The arrangement of leaves on the stem

31
Q

Why is phyllotaxy important?

A

Determines the amount of sunlight a plant will get based on its position.

Prevents shading of leaves

32
Q

What is Alternate phyllotaxy?

A

One leaf present at one node

33
Q

What is Opposite phyllotaxy

A

Two leaves per node

34
Q

What is Whorled phyllotaxy

A

3 or mores leaves per node

35
Q

What do the buds above leaves turn into?

A
  • Few turn into branches
  • Some remain dormant
  • Some produce flowers
36
Q

Why are the apical buds needed?

A

They take over the role of the terminal bud if it dies or gets damaged

37
Q

How do the apical buds remain dormant?

A

The terminal bud releases hormones from the apical meristem that enforces dormancy in the axillary buds

38
Q

What is the difference between apical bud and auxillary bud?

A

POSITION!!!

Apical bud is the terminal bud while axillary bud is called the lateral bud.

Both monocot and dicot plants contain an apical bud at the topmost part of the shoot made up of apical meristem.

Only dicots consist of axillary buds, which remain dormant under the influence of the apical bud.

39
Q

What are stolons?

A

A creeping horizontal plant stem.

Long and thin internodes allow for dispersal of daughter plants plants along the length.

40
Q

What can shoots be used for?

A

Storage

41
Q

What is a bulb?

A

A short stem with THICC fleshy leaves

42
Q

What are corms?

A

Vertical, THICCC stems that have thin, papery leaves.

43
Q

What are rhizomes?

A

Fleshy horizontal stems that spread underground

44
Q

What are tubers?

A

Horizontal stems that grow temporarily

45
Q

How does an axillary bud become an apical meristem?

A

If the apical meristem dies then it cannot produce any more hormones to keep the auxillary buds dormant so they will activate replacing it.

Plant Biology (6 decks)

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