Philosophy of Science Flashcards
What is Pre-Socratic period?
- Refers to Greek philosophers active before Socrates, or people who lived at the same time as Socrates who expounded on earlier knowledge.
What did Pre Socratic Philosophers reject?
They rejected traditional mythological explanations for the phenomena they observed in favor of more rational observation based explanations not faith based.
What did Pre Socratic Philosophers believe?
These philosophers were Materialists (they had to be able to see it to prove it)
- they believed that all things are composed of material and nothing else that we could not observe.
- they had had the goal of determining the singular substance that the world was made up of without using supernatural or mythical explanations
**Limited themselves mainly to Metaphysics
When did the Pre Socratic period happen?
7th to 5th BC
How long does the period of Ancient Philosophy last?
Yes 7th BC to 5th AD
What is Socratic Period?
- Philosophers at the time lives the same time as Socrates.
What did Socrates do during the Socratic period?
-Socrates developed a system of critical reasoning to determine how to live properly and differentiate between right and wrong.
What did Plato and Aristotle do during the Socratic period?
- Remained committed to truth
- Organized and systematized most of the problems of philosophy
When did the Socratic period occur?
5th to 4th BC
What is Hellenistic Period?
Development of new schools of thought in the Hellenistic world which would spread Greek culture to non-Greek lands conquered by Alexander the Great
During this period, Stoicism, Skepticism, Epicureanism and Neo-Platonism flourished.
When did the Hellenistic period occur?
3rd Century B.C. - 3th Century A.D.
What schools of thought flourished during the Hellenistic period?
Stoicism
Skepticism
Epicureanism
Neo Platonism
What is Roman Period? (Overlapsss ALOT)
Overlapped with the Hellenistic period (Stoicism and Neo-Platonism) and the Medieval periods as philosophers like Christians St. Augustine and Boethius had more in common with the later Medieval philosophers.
When did the Roman Period happen?
1st Century B.C. - 5th Century A.D. (Fall of Rome)
What Periods were involved in Ancient Philosophy?
Pre-Socratic
Socratic
Hellenistic
Roman
What is Metaphysics and who believed in it?
Questioning the nature of existence, being and the world.
Pre-Socratics
7th BC to 5th BC
How long does the Medieval period of Philosophies last BROADLY SPEAKING ?
6th - 16th Century AD
What was the Medieval period SPECIFICALLY SPEAKING?
A renewed flowering of Western philosophical thought after the intellectual drought of the Dark Ages.
Marked by Christian influence as philosophers TRIED TO prove God’s existence and rejoining Christianity with classical philosophy.
A strong resurgence in Islamic and Jewish philosophy at that time.
When were the first Universities created?
During the Medieval period and it had full time scholars
When was the Medieval period SPECIFICALLY SPEAKING?
6th to 14th century AD
What is the Renaissance period?
The bridge between the medieval and modern periods of philosophy
Represents a movement away from Christianity and medieval Scholasticism and towards Humanism
The new sense of critical inquiry set the stage for the birth of modern philosophy in the Age of Reason.
What is the Renaissance period NAMED AFTER?
The revival of classical civilization and learning
What is Humanism?
the increasing focus on the temporal and personal over merely seeing this world as a gateway to the Christian afterlife.
As humans we are responsible for bettering our own life and the world around us.
How long is the Modern period?
17th - 20th Century
What two periods of thought happen during the Modern period?
Age of Reason
Age of Enlightenment
What is the AGE OF REASON?
- Continued to move away from theology and faith-based arguments
- Began abandoning medieval approaches to philosophy for more unified philosophical systems like Rationalism.
What allowed for a general revival of Political Philosophy?
- Advancements in science
- The growth of religious tolerance
- The rise of philosophical liberalism
When did the AGE OF REASON happen?
17th century
What is the Age of Enlightenment?
- An intellectual movement, developed mainly in France, Britain, and Germany,
- Advocated freedom, democracy and reason as the main values of society.
- Continuation of the process of rationalization begun in the Age of Reason.
-Further decline in the church influence, governmental strengthening, and greater rights for the common people.
How did the Age of Enlightenment begin?
Began with the belief that men’s minds should be freed from
- Ignorance - Superstition - Inconsistent powers of the State
Allowed mankind to achieve progress and perfection.
What was the political atmosphere during the 18th Century
- Revolutions
- Turmoil
- Overturning of established traditions
What period of thought began in the 18th century?
Age of Enlightenment
What is the modern period SPECIFIC?
Modern: Along with significant scientific and political revolutions, the Modern period exploded in a flurry of new philosophical movements along with the further developments of the movements during the Age of Enlightenment.
When did the modern period occur?
19th -20th century
Where did Western Philosophy come from?
- Began in Ancient Greece & Rome
- Extending through central and western Europe,
- Brought to the Americas with Columbus
What influenced Western Philosophy?
- Western religion (teachings of Abrahamic religions (Jewish, Christian and Islamic philosophy))
- Science
- Mathematics
- Politics
How does Western society relate to truth?
- Strives to find and prove “the truth”
What do Westerners put a lot of emphasis on?
Individual rights (Every man for himself)
Where did Eastern Philosophy come from?
- Indian
- Chinese
- Persian
- Japanese
- Korean
- Varieties of indigenous philosophies.
What influenced Eastern World view?
An awareness of the unity and mutual interrelation of all things resulting in everything being inseparable parts of a cosmic whole.
How does Eastern society relate to truth?
They accept the truth as given and is more interested in finding the balance
What do Easterners put a lot of emphasis on?
Social responsibility.
What is a good argument?
1) has premises that are relevant to the conclusion
2) is consistent with fact so it is acceptable
3) has enough sufficient reasons
4) Rebuttal must be effective
What is a fallacy?
An argument that is rendered defective by an error in reasoning.
ad hominem
These arguments are directed against the person rather than their position
Attack the speaker and not what he’s saying
Premises used are irrelevant to the conclusion.
What is an example of ad hominem?
My opponents did not know the AC was on because they had so little people at their rally how can they defeat Isis?
Susan parallel parks in the school yard, no wonder her children are out of line.
A mother who tells the pediatrician that she doesn’t trust his judgment because he’s never been a mother.
ad hominem (tu quoque) “you too” variant of the same fallacy “you do it too!”
Attacks a person by focusing on their past words or actions instead of the correctness of their current claims.
Its like pointing out someone’s hypocrisy or contradictions
“you too” variant of the same fallacy “you do it too!”
Example of Tu quoque
Jimmy Swaggart (televangelist) argued against sexual immorality; however, he had several affairs with prostitutes.
Susan cannot be speak against abortion since she had an abortion in the past.
Affirming the consequent
This is where is p leads to q then if q happens p must have taken place
Example of Affirming the consequent
If I “drink coffee” (p) “I am going to have headaches” (q)
I have a headache so something I drank must have had coffee in it
Appeal to the common people
Bandwagon effect if everyone does it it must be okay
Examples of Appealing to the common people
I do not believe that Joe Biden is trustworthy and that he is simply appealing to what the people want to win the elections, but my friends think he’s a swell guy so I change my opinion.
trivial objection
Attacking the weakest premise in the original argument.
used in a rebuttal argument
deductive argument
An argument promising the conclusion is guaranteed as it is constructed so that all the premises are true, given that the conclusion is true.
Taking a broad statement and applying it to something specific
Example of a deductive argument
All dogs love to eat bones
Your pet Maya is a dog: therefore she likes to eat bones
denying the antecedent
If “p” leads to “q” then if “p” does not happen “q” will not happen
Conditional statement
Example of Denying the Antecedent
My brother is happy if gets good grades in school. He is not happy; therefore he must not have gotten good grades in school.
disjunct syllogism
You can either have “p” or “q” so if there is no “p” then you will have “q”
Example of Disjunct syllogism
I can either support the Republicans or the Democrats so if I go to a Republican rally I must be a supporter of the Republicans.
As a science major I can either love maths or love english; I expressed to you that I love the maths class I am taking right so I must hate english.
