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FOUNDATIONS IN HEALTHCARE > Tissues and homeostatis > Flashcards

Tissues and homeostatis Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the order of organization

A

atomic
molecular
organelle
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism

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2
Q

What are the 4 tissue types?

A

Muscular, connective, epithelial and nervous

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3
Q

Describe the structure, importance and function of epithelial tissue

A

There are 2 types of epithelial tissue (stratified and simple)
Stratified refers to many layers whereas simple refers to a single layer of cells. Epithelial tissue is involved in protection, filtration, excretion, secretion, and absorption. It covers the organs and lines the blood vessels. 2 forms of epithelium glandular (secretion) and covering and lining (BV’s)

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4
Q

What are the 4 shapes of the epithelial tissue

A

Columnar, cuboidal and squamous, these tissues all have differently shaped nuclei and are all attached to basement membranes

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5
Q

Describe squamous epithelium

A

It is a single thin permeable flat layer of cells, normally found in places where diffusion is required e.g., alveoli. It contains disc-shaped nuclei & sparse cytoplasm. involved in filtration e.g., kidney, secretion. epithelium supported by a basement membrane

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6
Q

Describe cuboidal epithelium

A

it is cube-shaped with a large central spherical nucleus, involved in secretion and filtration (kidneys), found in kidney tubules and ovaries

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7
Q

Describe columnar epithelium

A

Highly specialized cells with oval nuclei, tall cells, found with goblet cells in the trachea, which secrete mucus, also found in digestive tract

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8
Q

Describe pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells

A

These are single layers of cells that differ in height, and so the nuclei are at different levels to the adjacent cell, which may contain goblets cells and cilia. Involved in mucus secretion e.g., in digestion, the ciliated type propels the mucus in a direction.

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9
Q

Describe the role of connective tissue

A

It’s main function is to support and bind the organs e.g., cartilage found in lungs

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10
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A

heat production, transport, binding of organs, immune protection, physical protection, support, storage, movement

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11
Q

Describe the common characteristics of connective tissue

A

Connective tissue is the most abundant in the body, it has an extracellular matrix, which enables it to bear weight

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12
Q

Give examples of connective tissues

A

Blood, cartilage, adipose tissue, elastic tissue, bone tissue etc

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13
Q

What are the 3 main tissue types of connective tissue?

A

Areolar, adipose and dense connective tissue

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14
Q

Describe areolar tissue

A

it has elastin and collagen fibres with a loose arrangement, it provides support, connects organs and tissues, and acts as cushioning and packing between organs. found beneath the skin surrounding organs and blood vessels, defends against infections

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15
Q

Describe adipose tissue

A

This is fat tissue, involved in insulation, cushioning of organs & protection. Brown adipose in infants produces heat, contains lots of fatty acids, and is used for energy, 90% of mass in cells is adipose, richly supplied with nerve tissue

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16
Q

Describe dense connective tissue

A

a dense tissue containing lots of collage fibres, irregular pattern, very strong and contain fibroblast nuclei. it creates fibrous coverings around organs and joints for protection

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17
Q

Difference between clasts and blasts cells

A

Clast cells breakdown connective tissue
blast cells are mitotically active and secrete fiber and matrix

18
Q

What is a lacuna

A

a space/cavity

19
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage and elastic cartilage

20
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage

A

Most abundant in the body
involves in structural support and flexibility
Has spherical chondrocytes
Only fibre is collagen fibres
It covers the end of most movable joints (articular cartilage)
Connects the ribs to sternum (costal cartilage) aids in respiring
Supports the nose (nasal cartilages) and the respiratory system (respiratory cartilage)
Contain perichondrium which surrounds cartilage

21
Q

Describe elastic cartilage

A

Contains more elastic fibres than hyaline cartilage
Able to stretch and recoil e.g., in blood vessels, prevents bursting from high BP
Are involved in repeated bending movements

Found only in external ear and epiglottis

22
Q

Describe fibrocartilage

A

very fibrous lots of thick collagen fiber bundles, less matrix, fibers spread in all directions, resistant to impact, shock absorbent, found in knees and pubic bone
Consist of parallel rows of chondrocytes which alternate with thick collagen fibres

23
Q

What are collagen fibres?

A

made of the protein collagen, assemble and cross-link together, and bundle together to form thick collagen fibres, due to linkage they are extremely strong, and tough and can resist being pulled apart

24
Q

What are elastic fibres?

A

long & thin elastic fibres form branching networks, contain protein elastin, enabling stretch and recoil, found where elasticity is needed e.g., lungs and blood vessels

25
Q

What is ground substance?

A

Known as the matrix contains proteins which trap water to make it a gel-like substance, site of protein synthesis and movement of organelles

26
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

the ability to maintain an optimum internal environment within narrow limits, it is a dynamic equilibrium which is adapts due to changes in external environments

27
Q

Examples of homeostatis

A

Temperature control- controlled by the hypothalamus, thermoreceptors on skin’s surface can detect a stimulus (temp change) and sends signals to the hypothalamus for it to coordinate a response to bring body temperature back to optimum condition

28
Q

Define negative feedback and give and example

A

Negative feedback is the most common homeostatic mechanism it prevents further deviation from optimum conditions e.g., sugar levels in the blood, need to be regulated, if too high, insulin is released storing excess glucose as fat, if too low glucagon is released to breakdown glycogen and release glucose into the bloodstream

29
Q

Define positive feedback

A

This is when the response to the stimulus involves a greater deviation from set point, it is positive as it moves in the same direction and not a loop
e.g., in labour, contractions are intensified by oxytocin as labour continues more oxytocin is released in increasing frequency and power of contractions. This continues until the baby is born

30
Q

What is a cell

A

smallest functional unit of an organism

31
Q

Purpose of nucleus

A

Holds DNA, controls activities of the cell

32
Q

Purpose of plasma membrane

A

acts as a barrier, contains bulk of cell, involved in endo and exocytosis, controls what enters and exits cell

33
Q

Cytoplasm function

A

gel-like substance, serves a site for enzyme reactions

34
Q

What is chromatin

A

contains DNA, encodes the proteins, found in the nucleus

35
Q

what is the nucleolus

A

involved in synthesis of ribosomes

36
Q

What are ribosomes

A

responsible for making proteins through transcription and translation, ribosomes read RNA, cause AA’s to bulk together and build proteins

37
Q

What is RER

A

site of protein production,

38
Q

what is the golgi apparatus>

A

site where protein is modified and packaged, becomes enzymes or glycoproteins

39
Q

what is a vesicle

A

responsible for transporting proteins, can be exported outside of the cell via exocytosis

40
Q

Cytoskeleton function

A

anchors organelles in place, provides a network in which vesicles travel along

41
Q
A
41
Q

SER

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum involved in detoxfication, synthesis and packaging of lipids

FOUNDATIONS IN HEALTHCARE (11 decks)

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