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HUBS > tissues > Flashcards

tissues Flashcards

1
Q

what are tissues

A

groups of cells that are similar in structure and work together to perform specific functions

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2
Q

cells are joined together by intercellular membranes?

A

yes or loosely grouped

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3
Q

what are the 4 types of tissue

A

nervous, muscle, epithelial and connective

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4
Q

what does epithelial tissues do

A

forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters. it has a high regeneration rate

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5
Q

where is epithelial tissue found

A

in the lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs and on the skin surface

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6
Q

what does nervous tissue do

A

used for internal communication

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7
Q

where is nervous tissue found

A

brain, spinal cord and nerves

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8
Q

what does muscle tissue do

A

contracts to cause movement

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9
Q

where is muscle tissue found

A

on muscles attached to the bone (skeletal), muscles of the heart (cardiac) and muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth)

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10
Q

what does connective tissue do

A

supports, protects, binds other tissues together

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11
Q

where is connective tissue found

A

bones, tendons, fat and other soft padding tissues, under epithelial cells

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12
Q

what tissues are joined by tight junctions and desmosomes

A

epithelial

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13
Q

what tissue is supported by a basement membrane

A

epithelial

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14
Q

what are the three surfaces of epithelial cells

A

basal, apical and lateral

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15
Q

do epithelial cells have blood supply

A

no, but they have a nerve supply

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16
Q

cells with one layer is called

A

simple

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17
Q

cells with multiple layers is called

A

stratified

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18
Q

what are the three types of cell shapes

A

squamous, cuboidal and columnar

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19
Q

what are the two other types of epithelium tissues

A

transitional epithelium- found in structures that need to stretch to accomodate increases in volume
pseudo stratified epithelium- cells are attached to the basement membrane below

20
Q

what is a gland

A

one or more specialised cells that make and secrete a particular product called secretion

21
Q

what are the two types of glands

A

endocrine glands- secrete hormones into the bloodstream

exocrine glands- secrete their substance to the external environment e.g the surface of the skin

22
Q

examples of endocrine glands

A

pituitary gland (in brain), thyroid gland (in neck), adrenal gland (on kidneys) and gonads (testicle)

23
Q

examples of exocrine glands

A

sweat glands, salivary glands, oil glands, mucous cells, liver, mammary glands

24
Q

what are the 2 types of exocrine glands

A

merocrine glands- secreted via exocytosis e.g. salivary glands
holocrine glands- secretes via rupture of the cell. only type in the human body is sebaceous glands (oil)

25
Q

where is a basement membrane found

A

in all types of epithelium

26
Q

what is the most abundant tissue

A

connective tissue

27
Q

what is connective tissue made of

A

cells and extracellular matrix (ECM)

28
Q

what is ECM made of

A

ground substance and fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular)

29
Q

is connective tissue suspended within ECM and not connected to each other

A

true

30
Q

what is the main type of connective tissue in the body

A

CT proper

31
Q

what are the 4 types of connective tissue

A

blood and lymph, CT proper, cartilage and bone

32
Q

what are the 6 sub types of CT proper

A

areolar, adipose, reticular (loose)

dense regular, dense irregular and elastic (dense)

33
Q

areolar loose CT

A

most widely distributed, supports epithelium and glands, surrounds small blood vessels and nerves

34
Q

adipose (fat) loose CT

A

composed mostly of adipose cells, store lipid nutrients and provides insulation, mostly found in subcutaneous tissue, around kidneys, eyeballs, abdomen and hips

35
Q

reticular loose CT

A

found only in the liver, kidneys, lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow. contains a complex network of reticular fibres which support white macrophages (white blood cells) and fibroblasts (cells that make fibers of ECM)

36
Q

regular dense CT

A

packaged bundles of collagen fibers arranged parallel to each other, provide great resistance to undirectional pulling forces and is found in tendons, ligaments and fascia

37
Q

irregular dense CT

A

collaged fibers in an irregular arrangement, provides resistance to tension forces from numerous directions and found in the dermis of the skin, joint capsules and fibrous coverings surrounding some organs

38
Q

elastic dense CT

A

has lots of elastic fibers which allow stretch and recoil. found in a few ligaments, large blood vessels and bronchi of the lungs

39
Q

cartilage

A

tough, flexible CT composed of firm ECM. the three types are hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

40
Q

what are membranes

A

structures composed of epithelial and CT proper which line the body cavities and cover body organs

41
Q

three types of membranes

A

cutaneous- covers the body
serous- lines the major body cavities and body spaces that are completely internal and has 2 layers (parietal and visceral) a special type is synovial membranes which form a single layer lining the inside of joint cavities
mucous- lines areas exposed to exterior lining of the upper respiratory tract, digestive tract and lower urogenital tracts.

42
Q

steps of tissue repair

A

inflammation, organisation, regeneration and fibrosis

43
Q

inflammation stage

A

damaged blood vessels bleed and inflammatory chemicals are released, capillaries become permeable, allowing white blood cells and clotting factors to seep into the injured area. blood clotting occurs. there is redness and swelling and heat

44
Q

organisation stage

A

blood clot is replaced by connective tissue which contains capillaries that re establish blood supply. fibroblasts produce collagen fibers fill in gaps in the tissue. microphages remove dead and dying tissues

45
Q

regeneration and fibrosis

A

the fibrosed area matures and contracts, condensing the area of damage. tissue cells regenerate to replace fibrous tissue or. the fibrous tissue remains, in which case it becomes scar tissue. the amount of regenerated tissue compared to the fibrous/ scar tissue will depend on the tissue type and severity of damage

HUBS (6 decks)

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