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cells Flashcards

1
Q

what does the cell membrane do

A

it surrounds contents of the cell and separates the cell from is external environment. it controls transportation coming in and out of the cell

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2
Q

what is intracellular fluid

A

fluid within the cell

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3
Q

what is extracellular fluid

A

fluid outside of the cell

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4
Q

what is diffusion (passive transport)

A

when substances move through the membrane down the concentration gradient

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5
Q

what is a solute

A

anything that dissolves in water. they try to equalise themselves and make the 2 sides of the membrane equal so they move down the concentration gradient

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6
Q

what is passive transport

A

transport through the membrane that requires no energy

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7
Q

what is active transport

A

transport through the membrane that requires energy, moves substances against their concentration gradient

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8
Q

types of passive transport

A

osmosis, diffusion via protein channels, diffusion via carrier proteins, simple diffusion, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration

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9
Q

what is osmosis (passive transport)

A

water moves through the cell membrane from a low concentration to a high concentration (against the gradient) to try dilute the more substance side. requires no energy even though its going against the gradient

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10
Q

what is diffusion via protein channels (passive transport)

A

sodium ions move through a sodium channel down their concentration gradient

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11
Q

what is diffusion via carrier protein (passive transport)

A

amino acids move into a cell via a carrier protein, because there are less amino acids inside the cell

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12
Q

what is simple diffusion

A

solutes move through phospholipids

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13
Q

what is facilitated diffusion (passive transport)

A

solutes move through proteins (channels for small solutes and carriers for medium solutes)

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14
Q

what is filtration (passive transport)

A

water and solutes are forced through the membrane due to high pressure

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15
Q

what is vesicular transport (active transport)

A

large proteins move into the cell via endocytosis (substances from the exterior of the cell are wrapped in a small bit of plasma membrane) or out of the cell via exocytosis (vesicles within the cell bind to and fuse with the cell membrane, then release their contents outside of the cell)

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16
Q

what is active primary transport

A

ATP is used to change protein shape allowing it to pump the solutes across the cell membrane. the movement of sodium and potassium by the pump by the sodium/ potassium pump

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17
Q

what is secondary active transport

A

the energy used in primary transport is stored and able to be used to help other substances across the membrane against the concentration gradient via co transportation with sodium when sodium diffuses back across the cell membrane through co transporter. e.g movement of glucose against the gradient with sodium

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18
Q

what do protein pumps do

A

main method of active transport. they push solutes through the membrane against the concentration gradient. from low to high concentration

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19
Q

an example of a protein pump

A

the sodium and potassium pump. pumps and pushes them against their concentration as the primary step. it then attaches a glucose to the sodium as the as a secondary transport

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20
Q

what is the nucleus

A

the control centre of the cell. contains the genetic material of the individual which directs protein synthesis and therefore most other cellular processes and functions

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21
Q

what is the cytoplasm

A

a gel like substance in which numerous organelles are suspended.

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22
Q

job of the mitochondria

A

turns food into energy

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23
Q

job of the lysosomes

A

destroys debris and dead bits so cells function

24
Q

job of ribosomes

A

where strands of RNA go to make protein

25
job of centrosomes
anchors the cytoskeleton, cilia and flagella
26
job of Golgi apparatus
modifies and packages proteins and lipids
27
what is the flagella
only found in one human cell, found in the sperm
28
what makes up the cell membrane
proteins, phospholipids, carbohydrates, cholesterol, glycolipids, glycoproteins
29
what is the phospholipid bilayer made of
the heads of the phospholipids are hydrophilic (like water) and the tails are hydrophobic (doesn't like water)
30
what is protein synthesis
DNA and RNA
31
what is DNA
2 chains of nucleotides. They have 4 out of 5 bases (A,G,T,C). A and T are pairs and G and C are pairs. humans have 23 chromosomes. One length of the chromosome is from the mum and the other from the dad. the code of the DNA is for different protein which characterises what we look like
32
what is RNA
it is a single strand of nucleotides. They have 4 out of 5 bases (A,U,G,C) RNA and DNA match up to make a protein. A to the U and G to the C (the U replaces the T). The DNA strand opens up like a zip and the mRNA (messenger RNA) nucleotides come in and match up with it to make a protein. mRNA strand then leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome and moves through it. as it moves through it interacts with a small tRNA with 3 bases at a time which match to the mRNA and the amino acids on the tRNA bond with each other to make a chain of amino acids to form a protein
33
what is cell division
occurs when one cell gets to the end of its life cycle and needs to make a new copy of itself
34
what are the 2 types of cell division
mitosis and meiosis
35
what is mitosis
when the cells copy and seperate. Happens to replace a lost or damaged cells. mitosis happens by the DNA copying itself so there are 2 copies of all the chromosomes (2 copies of the mum and 2 of the dad). the chromosmes are then lined up in the middle of the cell and spindles pull them apart, the cell then splits so that their are 2 identical daughter cells both with copies of the mum and dad DNA strands.
36
what is meiosis
this only happens in sex cells for reproduction. DNA replication occurs again so that there are 2 maternal and paternal copies of the DNA strand. the chromosomes then pair up in independent assortment and strands of a chromosomes swap some of their DNA code to create a whole new sequence of nucleotides bases. The cell then splits and the spindles pull the chromosomes apart so a maternal and paternal of each chromosome go to different cells. Those 2 cells then split again so there are 4 daughter cells with half the amount of DNA and they are not identical.
37
what are cells
the basic structural and functional units of living organisms.
38
what are the 3 main components of the cell
cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm
39
what does rough ER do
makes membrane and extracellular proteins and phospholipids, covered in ribosomes
40
what does smooth ER do
lipid synthesis, detoxification,
41
what do peroxisomes do
break down toxic substances within the cell
42
what is the cytoskeleton
framework and support of cell
43
what does the cilia do
enhances the surface area and can move substances along the surface of the cell
44
what do proteins in the cell membrane do
transport substances, enzyme activity, attachment to the cytoskeleton, membrane junctions, cell-cell recognition, receptors for signal transduction
45
what makes a protein
a chain on amino acids
46
what is interphase
a phase where cells grow, produce proteins and prepare for cell division by replicating DNA
47
the steps of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
48
what contains deoxyribose sugar
DNA
49
what contains ribose sugar
RNA
50
what happens during prophase phase of mitosis
the chromosomes condense and become visible. the cytoskeleton disassembles as the spindle forms. chromosomes attach to the microtubules and move towards the equator of the cell
51
what happens during metaphase
the chromosomes are aligned at the equator called the metaphase plate
52
what happens during anaphase
when the proteins that hold the chromatids together disappear and are pulled to opposite poles
53
what happens during telophase
a cleavage furrow forms in the center of the cell.
54
what happens during cytokinesis
the cells seperate into newly formed daughter cells
55
two stages of meiosis
crossing over and independent assortment

HUBS (6 decks)

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