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HUBS > cells > Flashcards

cells Flashcards

1
Q

what does the cell membrane do

A

it surrounds contents of the cell and separates the cell from is external environment. it controls transportation coming in and out of the cell

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2
Q

what is intracellular fluid

A

fluid within the cell

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3
Q

what is extracellular fluid

A

fluid outside of the cell

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4
Q

what is diffusion (passive transport)

A

when substances move through the membrane down the concentration gradient

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5
Q

what is a solute

A

anything that dissolves in water. they try to equalise themselves and make the 2 sides of the membrane equal so they move down the concentration gradient

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6
Q

what is passive transport

A

transport through the membrane that requires no energy

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7
Q

what is active transport

A

transport through the membrane that requires energy, moves substances against their concentration gradient

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8
Q

types of passive transport

A

osmosis, diffusion via protein channels, diffusion via carrier proteins, simple diffusion, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration

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9
Q

what is osmosis (passive transport)

A

water moves through the cell membrane from a low concentration to a high concentration (against the gradient) to try dilute the more substance side. requires no energy even though its going against the gradient

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10
Q

what is diffusion via protein channels (passive transport)

A

sodium ions move through a sodium channel down their concentration gradient

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11
Q

what is diffusion via carrier protein (passive transport)

A

amino acids move into a cell via a carrier protein, because there are less amino acids inside the cell

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12
Q

what is simple diffusion

A

solutes move through phospholipids

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13
Q

what is facilitated diffusion (passive transport)

A

solutes move through proteins (channels for small solutes and carriers for medium solutes)

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14
Q

what is filtration (passive transport)

A

water and solutes are forced through the membrane due to high pressure

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15
Q

what is vesicular transport (active transport)

A

large proteins move into the cell via endocytosis (substances from the exterior of the cell are wrapped in a small bit of plasma membrane) or out of the cell via exocytosis (vesicles within the cell bind to and fuse with the cell membrane, then release their contents outside of the cell)

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16
Q

what is active primary transport

A

ATP is used to change protein shape allowing it to pump the solutes across the cell membrane. the movement of sodium and potassium by the pump by the sodium/ potassium pump

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17
Q

what is secondary active transport

A

the energy used in primary transport is stored and able to be used to help other substances across the membrane against the concentration gradient via co transportation with sodium when sodium diffuses back across the cell membrane through co transporter. e.g movement of glucose against the gradient with sodium

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18
Q

what do protein pumps do

A

main method of active transport. they push solutes through the membrane against the concentration gradient. from low to high concentration

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19
Q

an example of a protein pump

A

the sodium and potassium pump. pumps and pushes them against their concentration as the primary step. it then attaches a glucose to the sodium as the as a secondary transport

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20
Q

what is the nucleus

A

the control centre of the cell. contains the genetic material of the individual which directs protein synthesis and therefore most other cellular processes and functions

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21
Q

what is the cytoplasm

A

a gel like substance in which numerous organelles are suspended.

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22
Q

job of the mitochondria

A

turns food into energy

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23
Q

job of the lysosomes

A

destroys debris and dead bits so cells function

24
Q

job of ribosomes

A

where strands of RNA go to make protein

25
Q

job of centrosomes

A

anchors the cytoskeleton, cilia and flagella

26
Q

job of Golgi apparatus

A

modifies and packages proteins and lipids

27
Q

what is the flagella

A

only found in one human cell, found in the sperm

28
Q

what makes up the cell membrane

A

proteins, phospholipids, carbohydrates, cholesterol, glycolipids, glycoproteins

29
Q

what is the phospholipid bilayer made of

A

the heads of the phospholipids are hydrophilic (like water) and the tails are hydrophobic (doesn’t like water)

30
Q

what is protein synthesis

A

DNA and RNA

31
Q

what is DNA

A

2 chains of nucleotides. They have 4 out of 5 bases (A,G,T,C). A and T are pairs and G and C are pairs. humans have 23 chromosomes. One length of the chromosome is from the mum and the other from the dad. the code of the DNA is for different protein which characterises what we look like

32
Q

what is RNA

A

it is a single strand of nucleotides. They have 4 out of 5 bases (A,U,G,C) RNA and DNA match up to make a protein. A to the U and G to the C (the U replaces the T). The DNA strand opens up like a zip and the mRNA (messenger RNA) nucleotides come in and match up with it to make a protein. mRNA strand then leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome and moves through it. as it moves through it interacts with a small tRNA with 3 bases at a time which match to the mRNA and the amino acids on the tRNA bond with each other to make a chain of amino acids to form a protein

33
Q

what is cell division

A

occurs when one cell gets to the end of its life cycle and needs to make a new copy of itself

34
Q

what are the 2 types of cell division

A

mitosis and meiosis

35
Q

what is mitosis

A

when the cells copy and seperate. Happens to replace a lost or damaged cells. mitosis happens by the DNA copying itself so there are 2 copies of all the chromosomes (2 copies of the mum and 2 of the dad). the chromosmes are then lined up in the middle of the cell and spindles pull them apart, the cell then splits so that their are 2 identical daughter cells both with copies of the mum and dad DNA strands.

36
Q

what is meiosis

A

this only happens in sex cells for reproduction. DNA replication occurs again so that there are 2 maternal and paternal copies of the DNA strand. the chromosomes then pair up in independent assortment and strands of a chromosomes swap some of their DNA code to create a whole new sequence of nucleotides bases. The cell then splits and the spindles pull the chromosomes apart so a maternal and paternal of each chromosome go to different cells. Those 2 cells then split again so there are 4 daughter cells with half the amount of DNA and they are not identical.

37
Q

what are cells

A

the basic structural and functional units of living organisms.

38
Q

what are the 3 main components of the cell

A

cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm

39
Q

what does rough ER do

A

makes membrane and extracellular proteins and phospholipids, covered in ribosomes

40
Q

what does smooth ER do

A

lipid synthesis, detoxification,

41
Q

what do peroxisomes do

A

break down toxic substances within the cell

42
Q

what is the cytoskeleton

A

framework and support of cell

43
Q

what does the cilia do

A

enhances the surface area and can move substances along the surface of the cell

44
Q

what do proteins in the cell membrane do

A

transport substances, enzyme activity, attachment to the cytoskeleton, membrane junctions, cell-cell recognition, receptors for signal transduction

45
Q

what makes a protein

A

a chain on amino acids

46
Q

what is interphase

A

a phase where cells grow, produce proteins and prepare for cell division by replicating DNA

47
Q

the steps of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

48
Q

what contains deoxyribose sugar

A

DNA

49
Q

what contains ribose sugar

A

RNA

50
Q

what happens during prophase phase of mitosis

A

the chromosomes condense and become visible. the cytoskeleton disassembles as the spindle forms. chromosomes attach to the microtubules and move towards the equator of the cell

51
Q

what happens during metaphase

A

the chromosomes are aligned at the equator called the metaphase plate

52
Q

what happens during anaphase

A

when the proteins that hold the chromatids together disappear and are pulled to opposite poles

53
Q

what happens during telophase

A

a cleavage furrow forms in the center of the cell.

54
Q

what happens during cytokinesis

A

the cells seperate into newly formed daughter cells

55
Q

two stages of meiosis

A

crossing over and independent assortment

HUBS (6 decks)

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