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HUBS > AP and homeostasis > Flashcards

AP and homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

definition of anatomy

A

structure of the human body

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2
Q

definition of physiology

A

study of functions and activities of the human body

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3
Q

definition of matter

A

anything that occupies space and has a mass, matter exists as solid, liquid or gas

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4
Q

what are atoms

A

chemical substance that can not be broken down.

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5
Q

structure of an atom

A

nucleus is in the middle holding neutrons and protons and electrons orbit around it within electron shells.

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6
Q

do atoms like to have a full electron shell

A

yes, which is why they bond with other atoms (chemical reaction)

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7
Q

protons

A

positively charged

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8
Q

neutrons

A

no electrical charge

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9
Q

electrons

A

negatively charged particles

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10
Q

what is a molecule

A

2 or more atoms held together by a chemical bond

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11
Q

what is a compound

A

when 2 or more atoms in a molecule are of different elements

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12
Q

what are ions

A

charged particles that form when atoms gain or lose electrons

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13
Q

what is a cation ion

A

positively charged ion due to loss of electrons

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14
Q

what is a anion ion

A

negatively charged ion due to gaining electrons

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15
Q

what are the major elements in the body

A

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

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16
Q

what is an anabolic reaction

A

when bonds are formed to synthesise a bigger molecule- absorbs energy

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17
Q

what is a catabolic reaction

A

when bonds are broken between molecules- releases energy

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18
Q

what is a rearrangement reaction

A

bonds rearrange- no net charge of energy

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19
Q

what is a covalent bond

A

atoms share reactions- can be even (non polar) or uneven (polar) depending on the distribution of charge among the atoms involved

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20
Q

what is an ionic bond

A

atoms give/ take electrons between each other. oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other and ‘stick together’

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21
Q

major chemicals in the body

A

water, electrolytes, acids and bases, carbohydrates, lipids, protein- amino acids

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22
Q

what is ATP

A

cellular energy, how cells do their work

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23
Q

what are cells

A

the smallest living structural and functional units, composed of many molecules and compounds

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24
Q

what are tissues

A

groups of similar cells that work together to perform common functions

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25
Q

what are organs

A

structures composed of at least 2 types of tissues, which perform a unique set of functions

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26
Q

what is the anatomical position

A

standing upright, palms facing forward, arms down at the side and feet together facing forward

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27
Q

what anatomical terminology is used when talking about 2 points on the same limb

A

proximal and distal

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28
Q

proximal

A

closer to where the limb attaches

29
Q

distal

A

further away from where the limb attaches

30
Q

medial

A

closer to the midline of the body

31
Q

lateral

A

further away from the midline of the body

32
Q

left and right

A

based on the persons anatomical position not your left and right

33
Q

anterior/ ventral

A

towards the front of the body

34
Q

posterior/ dorsal

A

back of the body

35
Q

superior

A

above or towards the head

36
Q

inferior

A

below or towards the feet

37
Q

superficial

A

closer to the surface of the body

38
Q

deep

A

further from the surface of the body

39
Q

sagittal plane

A

lengthwise cut- body is in left and right portions

40
Q

mid- sagittal plane

A

cut is through the midline

41
Q

para- sagittal plane

A

if cut is not through the midline but still goes down the body

42
Q

frontal/ coronal plane

A

sideways cut, divides body to anterior ad posterior portions

43
Q

transverse plane

A

horizontal cut, divides body into superior and inferior portions

44
Q

oblique plane

A

cuts body at any diagonal angle

45
Q

body cavity functions

A

protect delicate organs and allow internal organs to change shape or size

46
Q

cranial cavity

A

formed by the skull and contains the brain

47
Q

spinal cavity

A

formed where the vertebrae contains the spinal cord

48
Q

thoracic cavity

A

has left and right lung (pleural) cavities and a heart (pericardial) cavity

49
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

holds the abdominal cavity (stomach, liver, kidneys, small intestines and large intestines) and pelvic cavity (bladder and reproductive organs)

50
Q

what is homeostasis

A

the ability of the body to maintain its core body temperature

51
Q

what is a variable

A

the thing in the body subject to change e.g. body temp

52
Q

set point range

A

the range of values that a variable should be kept within

53
Q

what is a stimulus

A

anything that can change the variable e.g. hot weather

54
Q

sensors

A

detect the actual value of the variable, where the variable is currently at and sends that to the control centre

55
Q

effectors

A

they affect the value of the variable and brings it back to the set point range

56
Q

control center

A

compare the range of the variable compared to where is should be and sends signals to the effectors

57
Q

signals

A

hormones or nerves

58
Q

negative feedback loop

A

when the effectors work to bring the variable back to its set point range

59
Q

positive feedback loop

A

when the effectors work to push a variable further from its set point range

60
Q

explain a negative feedback loop

A

a stimulus makes the variable leaves its set point range which is then detected by sensors which sends a message to the control centre in the hypothalamus which compares the variables set point range to the normal and then sends signals to the effectors which work to bring the variable back to within its set point range

61
Q

what do body cavities do

A

protect delicate organs, allow internal organs to change shape and size

62
Q

two main body cavities

A

dorsal and ventral

63
Q

how to know if a chemical is organic or inorganic

A

organic cells contain carbon

64
Q

organic compounds

A

lipids, carbohydrates, protiens, ATP, nucleic acids

65
Q

inorganic compounds

A

acids, bases, water, salts/ electrolytes

66
Q

an organic compound that has C, H, and O and which can be broken down into glycerol and fatty acids is

A

triglyceride

67
Q

what substance dissociates in water to form H+

A

an acid

68
Q

what are the three main components of any homeostatic feedback loop

A

effectors, control centre and sensors

69
Q

what factors influence the reactions of particles

A

the amount of concentration, the amount of particles, the temperature, catalysts, breaking up clumps so they are individual particles.

HUBS (6 decks)

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