AP and homeostasis Flashcards
definition of anatomy
structure of the human body
definition of physiology
study of functions and activities of the human body
definition of matter
anything that occupies space and has a mass, matter exists as solid, liquid or gas
what are atoms
chemical substance that can not be broken down.
structure of an atom
nucleus is in the middle holding neutrons and protons and electrons orbit around it within electron shells.
do atoms like to have a full electron shell
yes, which is why they bond with other atoms (chemical reaction)
protons
positively charged
neutrons
no electrical charge
electrons
negatively charged particles
what is a molecule
2 or more atoms held together by a chemical bond
what is a compound
when 2 or more atoms in a molecule are of different elements
what are ions
charged particles that form when atoms gain or lose electrons
what is a cation ion
positively charged ion due to loss of electrons
what is a anion ion
negatively charged ion due to gaining electrons
what are the major elements in the body
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen
what is an anabolic reaction
when bonds are formed to synthesise a bigger molecule- absorbs energy
what is a catabolic reaction
when bonds are broken between molecules- releases energy
what is a rearrangement reaction
bonds rearrange- no net charge of energy
what is a covalent bond
atoms share reactions- can be even (non polar) or uneven (polar) depending on the distribution of charge among the atoms involved
what is an ionic bond
atoms give/ take electrons between each other. oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other and ‘stick together’
major chemicals in the body
water, electrolytes, acids and bases, carbohydrates, lipids, protein- amino acids
what is ATP
cellular energy, how cells do their work
what are cells
the smallest living structural and functional units, composed of many molecules and compounds
what are tissues
groups of similar cells that work together to perform common functions
what are organs
structures composed of at least 2 types of tissues, which perform a unique set of functions
what is the anatomical position
standing upright, palms facing forward, arms down at the side and feet together facing forward
what anatomical terminology is used when talking about 2 points on the same limb
proximal and distal
proximal
closer to where the limb attaches
distal
further away from where the limb attaches
medial
closer to the midline of the body
lateral
further away from the midline of the body
left and right
based on the persons anatomical position not your left and right
anterior/ ventral
towards the front of the body
posterior/ dorsal
back of the body
superior
above or towards the head
inferior
below or towards the feet
superficial
closer to the surface of the body
deep
further from the surface of the body
sagittal plane
lengthwise cut- body is in left and right portions
mid- sagittal plane
cut is through the midline
para- sagittal plane
if cut is not through the midline but still goes down the body
frontal/ coronal plane
sideways cut, divides body to anterior ad posterior portions
transverse plane
horizontal cut, divides body into superior and inferior portions
oblique plane
cuts body at any diagonal angle
body cavity functions
protect delicate organs and allow internal organs to change shape or size
cranial cavity
formed by the skull and contains the brain
spinal cavity
formed where the vertebrae contains the spinal cord
thoracic cavity
has left and right lung (pleural) cavities and a heart (pericardial) cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
holds the abdominal cavity (stomach, liver, kidneys, small intestines and large intestines) and pelvic cavity (bladder and reproductive organs)
what is homeostasis
the ability of the body to maintain its core body temperature
what is a variable
the thing in the body subject to change e.g. body temp
set point range
the range of values that a variable should be kept within
what is a stimulus
anything that can change the variable e.g. hot weather
sensors
detect the actual value of the variable, where the variable is currently at and sends that to the control centre
effectors
they affect the value of the variable and brings it back to the set point range
control center
compare the range of the variable compared to where is should be and sends signals to the effectors
signals
hormones or nerves
negative feedback loop
when the effectors work to bring the variable back to its set point range
positive feedback loop
when the effectors work to push a variable further from its set point range
explain a negative feedback loop
a stimulus makes the variable leaves its set point range which is then detected by sensors which sends a message to the control centre in the hypothalamus which compares the variables set point range to the normal and then sends signals to the effectors which work to bring the variable back to within its set point range
what do body cavities do
protect delicate organs, allow internal organs to change shape and size
two main body cavities
dorsal and ventral
how to know if a chemical is organic or inorganic
organic cells contain carbon
organic compounds
lipids, carbohydrates, protiens, ATP, nucleic acids
inorganic compounds
acids, bases, water, salts/ electrolytes
an organic compound that has C, H, and O and which can be broken down into glycerol and fatty acids is
triglyceride
what substance dissociates in water to form H+
an acid
what are the three main components of any homeostatic feedback loop
effectors, control centre and sensors
what factors influence the reactions of particles
the amount of concentration, the amount of particles, the temperature, catalysts, breaking up clumps so they are individual particles.
