Tissues Flashcards
A ______ is a collection of cells specialised to perform a function or functions.
tissue
An _______ is a collection of tissues forming a structure within an animal which is adapted to perform a specific purpose (e.g.liver, larynx, kidney)
organ
A ________ is a collection of organs and tissues which are related by function (e.g. respiratory system)
4 main types of tissue ANALOGY
Mum
Never
Eats
Cake
Muscle
Nerve
Epithlial
Connective
4 main types of tissue
brings about movement
Muscle
4 main types of tissue
- conveys nerve impluses from one area to another
- co-ordinates the response
Nervous
4 main types of tissue
- protection
- ccovers all surfaces of the body
- lines body cavities
- lines hollow organs
Epithelial
4 main types of tissue
binds together for transport and support
Connective
Epithelial Tissue
Form:
- covers the surface (internally and externally) of the body, organs, cavities and tubes.
- cell thicknesses and shapes varies
Function:
- to protect delicate structures
- secretory (glands) or absorbentin e.g. in the small intestine
8 Types of Epithelial Tissues
Squamous epithelium
8 Types of Epithelial Tissues
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Cubodial epithelium
8 Types of Epithelial Tissues
Columnar epithlieum
8 Types of Epithelial Tissues
Columnar epithium WITH Cilia
8 Types of Epithelial Tissues
Transitional epithelium
(with variable number of layers)
8 Types of Epithelial Tissues
Stratified epithelia**
(with several layers of cells)
8 Types of Epithelial Tissues
Stratified sqaumous epithelium**
8 Types of Epithelial Tissues
Keratinised stratified sqaumous epithelium
(KSSE)
- Glands are modified epithelial tissue
- have a secretory function
- unicellular (one) or multicellular
- 2 main types of glands
Glands: epithelial tissue
What are the 2 main types of glands
- EXOcrine glands
- ENDOcrine glands
Glands: epithelial tissue
Ducts pass the secretions directly to the site of use
Exocrine glands
Glands: epithelial tissue
- Do not have ducts and the secretions
- known as hormones
- are carried by the blood to their target organ which may be some distance away
Endocrine glands
Glands: goblet cells: epithelium
- secrete clear mucous onto membrane surface.
- this epithelium is known as mucus membrane.
(found in the oral cavity, lining of vagina and trachea etc)
this epithelium tissue is known as mucus membrane.
?
goblet cells
consists of a single layer of flattened cells that are shaped rather like ‘crazy paving’. It is found lining the heart, blood vessels, lung alveoli and body cavities. Its thinness allows molecules to diffuse across readily.
Squamous epithelium
consists of a single layer of cube shaped cells. It is rare in the body but is found lining kidney tubules. Molecules pass across it by diffusion, osmosis and active transport.
Cuboidal epithelium
consists of column shaped cells. It is found lining the gut from the stomach to the anus. Digested food products move across it into the blood stream.
Columnar epithelium
on the free surface (also known as the apical side of the cell) lines the respiratory tract, fallopian tubes and uterus. The cilia beat rhythmically to transport particles.
Columnar epithelium with cilia
The cells in ______ _________can move over one another allowing it to stretch. It is found in the wall of the bladder
transitional epithelium - variable number of layers
with several layers of cells are found where toughness and resistance to abrasion are needed.
Stratified Epithelia - several layers
has many layers of flattened cells. It is found lining the mouth, cervix and vagina. Cells at the base divide and push up the cells above them and cells at the top are worn or pushed off the surface. This type of epithelium protects underlying layers and repairs itself rapidly if damaged.
Stratified squamous epithelium
has a tough waterproof protein called keratin deposited in the cells. It forms the skin found covering the outer surface of mammals.
Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
- Connective tissue is responsible for supporting and holding all the organs and tissues in place.
- It also provides the transport system within the body (blood)
consists of a matrix - plasma, with several types of cells and cell fragments suspended in it. The fibres are only evident in blood that has clotted.
Blood
is similar in composition to blood plasma with various types of white blood cell floating in it. It flows in lymphatic vessels.
Lymph
Connective tissue ‘proper’ consists of a jelly-like matrix with a dense network of collagen and elastic fibres and various cells embedded in it. (Loose CT is AREOLAR tissue)
There are various different forms of ‘proper’ connective tissue.
- _____ connective tissue is a sticky whitish substance that fills the spaces between organs.
- It is found in the dermis of the skin.
Loose connective tissue
Aerola tissue (loose CT)
______ connective tissue contains lots of thick fibres and is very strong. It forms tendons, ligaments and heart valves and covers bones and organs like the kidney and liver.
Dense connective tissue
consists of cells filled with fat. It forms the fatty layer under the dermis of the skin, around the kidneys and heart and the yellow marrow of the bones.
Adipose tissue
________ is the ‘gristle’ of the meat. It consists of a tough jelly-like matrix with cells suspended in it. It may contain collagen and elastic fibres. It is a flexible but tough tissue and is found at the ends of bones, in the nose, ear and trachea and between the vertebrae.
Cartilage
_______ consists of a solid matrix made of calcium salts that give it its hardness. Collagen fibres running through bone gives it its strength. Bone cells are found in spaces in the matrix. Two types of bone are found in the skeleton namely spongy and compact bone. They differ in the way the cells and matrix are arranged.
also: haemopoietic tissue (found in marrow)
Bone
haemopoietic tissue (found in bone marrow)
Tendons and Ligaments
Ligaments attach _____ to ______
bone / bone
Tendons and Ligaments
Tendons attach _____ to ______
muscle / bone
Muscular tissue is responsible for organised movement in the body. It is composed of special cells which can contract (shorten) and move the body.
- There are three types of muscle tissue
3 Types of Muscular tissue
- S____ or S_____ muscle
- S_____ muscle
- C______ muscle
- Smooth / Striated
- Smooth
- Cardiac
IMAGE
Skeletal or Striated muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
is attached to the skeleton and brings about voluntary movement. It consists of striped cells which are long and cylindrical in shape. Each cell has several nuclei which lie on the outer surface
skeletal/ striated muscle
is found in regions of the body that are under involuntary control, e.g. the walls of the blood vessels digestive tract, respiratory tract, bladder and uterus. It is controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
The cells of smooth muscle are long and spindle shaped without striations. Each cell has one nucleus in the centre.
smooth muscle
is found only in the walls of the heart where it contracts (beats) the heart. Cardiac muscle is under involuntary control. The cells are striated, branched and linked by intercalated discs. The nuclei are in the middle of the cells. The muscular tissue in the heart is known as the myocardium.
Cardiac muscle
Muscles have 3 functions:
- Movement
- Maintainence of Posture
- Production of Heat
- Movement
Antagostic movement = flexion/ extension
- flexion - ______ the angle between two bones (brings limbs closer together
- extension - ________ angle between bones (straightens limbs)
reduces
increases
- Movement
Abduction/ adduction = movements affect the whole limb
abduction - (to take away) moves the body part away from the median plane or
axis (moving the leg out sideways)
adduction - moves the body part back towards the central axis, i.e. moving the leg back to standing position
- Muscle contraction is under voluntary control of the animal and is affected by motor nerve impulses from the central nervous system.
- Muscle contraction requires energy and muscle cells have many mitochondria.
- However, only 15% of the energy consumed by mitochondria is converted into movement, the rest becomes heat which raises the temperature inside the body. This temperature is controlled by various mechanisms including sweating, or panting.
Skeletal muscles be either:
__trinsic attached from one major structure such as the trunk to another structure such as a limb. These muscles cause movement of the whole limb in relation to other body parts
Extrinsic
Skeletal muscles be either:
__trinsic attached from one major structure such as the trunk to another structure such as a limb. These muscles cause movement of the whole limb in relation to other body parts
Intrinsic
Nervous tissue transmits nerve impulses around the body.
It is found in the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves and ganglia.
Nerve cells or _____ consist of a cell body
and a long thread or _____ that carries the nerve impulse.
neurons
axon
Label the diagram (1-5)
- Cell body
- Axon
- Axon Terminal
- Muscle
- Dendrites
Electrical impulses from the brain or from nerve sensors are transmitted through the neurons to other neurons. These electrical impulses may stimulate muscle contraction (motor neurons) or transmit sensations from sensory tissues (e.g. sight smell touch) to the brain (sensory neurons).
