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PoM > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells with the same function.

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2
Q

What types of cells are there in the human body?

A

Epithelial, contractile, neural, connective and haematopoietic.

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3
Q

What are the characteristic features of epithelium?

A

Cells form continuous, cohesive layers with stable cell-cell junctons.

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4
Q

What does ‘simple’ mean in terms of epithelium?

A

Single cell layer

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5
Q

What types of simple epithelium are there?

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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6
Q

If epithelium is not considered to be simple, what could it be?

A

Stratified, pseudo-stratified

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7
Q

What are the different types of cell cell junction?

A

Tight junction, adherens junction, desmosomes, gap junctions.

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8
Q

What is a tight junction?

A

Form a belt around the apical lateral membrane, to seal the gaps between two cells.

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9
Q

What is an adherens junction?

A

Master junction that controls all the others.

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10
Q

What is a desmosome?

A

In the lateral membrane, provides membrane strength.

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11
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Form pores between cells.

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12
Q

What are the two domains on epithelial cells?

A

Apical and basolateral

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13
Q

What are the major epithelium functions?

A

Transport, absorptive, secretory

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14
Q

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine secretory epithelial cells?

A

Exocrine cells have secretory granules in the apical cytoplasm whilst endocrine are in the basal aspects.

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15
Q

What is constructive secretion?

A

Secretory vesicles are formed

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16
Q

What is stimulated secretions?

A

Exocytosis

17
Q

What does the ‘turning over of cells’ mean?

A

Cells that are lost due to cell death or by mechanical removal are replaced by proliferation of stem cells.

18
Q

What cells replace those lost from intestinal villi?

A

Cells proliferate in the intestinal crypt.

19
Q

What is a corn/wart?

A

Thickened layer of epithelium as a result of hyperproliferation.

20
Q

Why may chemotherapy cause gastro-intestinal side effects?

A

Inhibits proliferation of intestinal crypt stem cells, so enterocytes that are lost can’t be replaced.

21
Q

What is extracellular matrix?

A

Complex network of macromolecular (fibrillar and non-fibrillar) deposited by cells, that then become immobilised.

22
Q

What are collagens?

A

A family of fibrous proteins, made up of three alpha chains and can be homo/heterotrimer.

23
Q

How many types of collagens are there?

A

28

24
Q

What is the primary structure?

A

Glycine-proline/lysine-hydroxyproline/hydroxylysine

25
Q

What does hydroxylation of the amino acids cause?

A

It is a post-translation modification which contributes to interchain hydrogen bond formation.

26
Q

What is the process of collagen formation?

A

Amino acids > tropocollagen > fibrils > fibres

27
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

Flexible thin mats of extracellular matrix underlying epithelial sheets and tubes.

28
Q

What is diabetic nephropathy?

A

Accumulation of extracellular matrix leading to highly thickened BM.

29
Q

What is Alport Syndrome?

A

Mutations in collagen IV that result in split and laminated GBM.

30
Q

What is the structure of collagen IV?

A

Network formed as molecules can associate literally between triple helical segments and head-to-head and tail-to-tail between domains.

31
Q

What is scurvy?

A

Deficiency of vitamin C resulting in underhydroxylated collagens as Prolyl hydroxylase and Lysyl hydroxylase require vitamin c as a cofactor.

32
Q

What are the different types of proteoglycans?

A

BM proteoglycans, small leucine rich proteoglycans, aggregating proteoglycans and cell surface proteoglycans.

33
Q

What is the general structure of proteoglycans?

A

Core proteins which are covalently attached to one or more glycosaminoglycan chain.

34
Q

What is the general structure of elastic fibres?

A

Core of elastin and fibrillin-rich microfibrils.

There are two types segments that

PoM (5 decks)

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