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Bio 241 > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Tissues

A

groups of similar cells and extracellular material, with a common function

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2
Q

Epithelium

A

-Composed of one or more layers of closely packed cells -Contains little or no extracellular matrix -Covers body surfaces -Lines body cavities -Forms majority of glands

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3
Q

Characteristics of Epithelium

A

-Tightly packed cells -Polarity -Apical surface -Basal Surface -Attachment to basement membrane (lamina lucida, lamina densa, reticular lamina) -Avascularity -Extensive innervation -High regeneration capacity

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4
Q

Functions of Epithelium

A

-Physical protection -Selective permeability -Secretions -Sensations

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5
Q

Simple epithelium

A

-One cell layer thick -All cells in direct contact w/ basement membrane -Filtration, absorption, secretion

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6
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

Two or more layers of epithelial cells

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7
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

-Single layer of flat cells -Allows rapid movement of molecules across surface

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8
Q

Alveoli

A

Lines air sacs of lungs (simple squamous)

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9
Q

Endothelium

A

Lines blood and lumph vessel walls (simple squamous)

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10
Q

Mesothelium

A

Serous membrane of cavities (simple squamous)

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11
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

-Designed for absorption and secretion -Walls of kidney tubules -Secretory regions/ducts of most glands

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12
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

-Taller than they are wide -Secretory & absorptive functions -Two forms: ciliated and nonciliated

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13
Q

Nonciliated simple columnar

A

-Contains microvilli -Unicellular glands; Goblet cells-secrete glycoprotein mucin -Lines most of digestive tract from stomach to anal canal

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14
Q

Ciliated simple columnar

A

-Cilia project from apical surface -move mucus along -goblet cells interspersed -lines bronchioles -lines uterine tubes -helps move oocyte from ovary to uterus

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15
Q

Pseudostratified columnar

A

-appears as multiple cell layers -not really stratified -all cells in direct contact with basement membrane -nuclei scattered at different distances

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16
Q

Stratified squamous

A

-Multiple cell layers -Only deepest in direct contact w/ basement membrane -Keratinized & nonkeratinized forms

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17
Q

Stratified squamous keratinized

A

-Superficial layers of dead cells -Cells lack nuclei, filled with keratin -Cells in basal region migrate towards apical surface, fill with keratin and die -Found in epidermis

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18
Q

Stratified squamous nonkeratinized

A

-All cells alive -Kept moist w/ secretions -Lack keratin, protective protein -Microscopically visible cell nuclei -Lines oral cavity -Lines part of pharynx -Lines esophagus -Lines vagina -Lines anus

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19
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

-Limited to urinary tract -In relaxed state; basal cells cuboidal or polyhedral; apical cells large and rounded -In stretched state; apical cells flattened -Binucleated cells

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20
Q

Endocrine glands

A

-Lack ducts -secrete hormones into blood -chemical messengers that influence cell activity elsewhere

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21
Q

Exocrine glands

A

-Invaginated epithelium in connective tissue -connected w/ epithelial surface by duct -Epithelium lined tube for gland secretion -Sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands

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22
Q

Characteristics of connective tissue

A

-Cells -Protein fibers -Ground substance

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23
Q

Connective tissue components

A

-Extracellular matrix -Protein fibers; strengthen and support tissue; collagen, reticular,, elastic -Ground substance; noncellular material produced by CT cells; consistency: viscous (e.g. blood); semisolid (e.g. cartilage); solid (e.g. bone)

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24
Q

Connective tissue

A

-Most diverse, abundant, and widely distributed tissue -Supports, protects, and binds organs -Cells, protein fibers, and ground substance -Tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, blood

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25
Q

Ground substance

A

-Glucosaminoglycans (GAGs) -Carbohydrate building blocks, some with attached amines -Negatively charged and hydrophilic -Charge attacts cations, water follows -Types; chondroitin sulfate, heparin sulfate, hyaluronic acid

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26
Q

Functions of Connective tissue

A

-Physical protection -Support and structural framework -Binding structures -Storage -Transport -Immune protection

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27
Q

Loose CT

A

-Areolar -Adipose -Reticular

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28
Q

Dense CT

A

-Dense regular -Dense irregular -Elastic

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29
Q

Supporting CT

A

-Cartilage -Bone

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30
Q

Cartilage

A

-Chondrocytes (mature cells), occupy lacunae -Surrounded by a dense irregular CT covering

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31
Q

Perichondrium

A

Three Types -Hyaline cartilage -Fibrocartilage -Elastic cartilage

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32
Q

Bone

A

Types -Compact -Spongy Functions -Levers for movement -Supports tissues -Protects vital organs -Stores minerals, eg. calcium & phosphorus -Houses hemopoietic cells, which make blood cells

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33
Q

Fluid CT

A

Types -Blood -Lymph

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34
Q

Blood

A

-Liquid ground substance is called plasma -Dissolved proteins -Transports nutrients, wastes, hormones

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35
Q

Lymph

A

-Derived from blood plasma -No cellular components or fragments -Ultimately return to bloodstream

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36
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

-Voluntary movement -Striated -Multinucleated

37
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

-Involuntary movement -Visible striations, one or two nuclei -Connected by intercalated discs

38
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

-Involuntary movement -Lacks striations, appears smooth -Found in walls of intestines, stomach, airways, bladder, uterus, blood vessels

39
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Located in brain, spinal cord, nerves Cells called neurons Receive, transmit, and process nerve impulses Large number of glial cells Glial cells do not transmit nerve impulses Instead, are responsible for protection, nourishment and support of neurons

40
Q

Body membranes

A

-Formed from epithelial layer bound to underlying CT -Line body cavities -Cover viscera -Cover body’s external surface Four Types -Mucous -Serous -Cutaneous -Synovial

41
Q

Mucosa

A

-Lines compartments that open to external environment -Includes: digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts -Performs absorptive, protective, and secretory functions -Epithelium & underlying CT -CT component = lamina propria -Covered w/ layer of mucous derived from goblet cells, multicellular glands, or both

42
Q

Serous membrane

A

-Lines body cavities that do not open to external environment -Simple squamous epithelium (MESOTHELIUM) -Produces thin, watery serous fluid -Reduces friction between opposing surfaces -Forms parietal and visceral layers -Serous cavity is in between

43
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

-Skin -Covers external surface of body -Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, underlying CT -Protects Internal organs and prevents water loss

44
Q

Synovial membrane

A

-Lines some joints in the body -Composed of areolar CT, covered by squamous cells lacking basement membrane -Epithelial cells secrete synovial fluid -Reduces friction among moving bone parts -Distributes nutrients to cartilage

45
Q

Description

groups of similar cells and extracellular material, with a common function

A

Tissues

46
Q

Description

-Composed of one or more layers of closely packed cells -Contains little or no extracellular matrix -Covers body surfaces -Lines body cavities -Forms majority of glands

A

Epithelium

47
Q

Description

-Tightly packed cells -Polarity -Apical surface -Basal Surface -Attachment to basement membrane (lamina lucida, lamina densa, reticular lamina) -Avascularity -Extensive innervation -High regeneration capacity

A

Characteristics of Epithelium

48
Q

Description

-Physical protection -Selective permeability -Secretions -Sensations

A

Functions of Epithelium

49
Q

Description

-One cell layer thick -All cells in direct contact w/ basement membrane -Filtration, absorption, secretion

A

Simple epithelium

50
Q

Description

Two or more layers of epithelial cells

A

Stratified epithelium

51
Q

Description

-Single layer of flat cells -Allows rapid movement of molecules across surface

A

Simple squamous epithelium

52
Q

Description

Lines air sacs of lungs (simple squamous)

A

Alveoli

53
Q

Description

Lines blood and lumph vessel walls (simple squamous)

A

Endothelium

54
Q

Description

Serous membrane of cavities (simple squamous)

A

Mesothelium

55
Q

Description

-Designed for absorption and secretion -Walls of kidney tubules -Secretory regions/ducts of most glands

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

56
Q

Description

-Taller than they are wide -Secretory & absorptive functions -Two forms: ciliated and nonciliated

A

Simple columnar epithelium

57
Q

Description

-Contains microvilli -Unicellular glands; Goblet cells-secrete glycoprotein mucin -Lines most of digestive tract from stomach to anal canal

A

Nonciliated simple columnar

58
Q

Description

-Cilia project from apical surface -move mucus along -goblet cells interspersed -lines bronchioles -lines uterine tubes -helps move oocyte from ovary to uterus

A

Ciliated simple columnar

59
Q

Description

-appears as multiple cell layers -not really stratified -all cells in direct contact with basement membrane -nuclei scattered at different distances

A

Pseudostratified columnar

60
Q

Description

-Multiple cell layers -Only deepest in direct contact w/ basement membrane -Keratinized & nonkeratinized forms

A

Stratified squamous

61
Q

Description

-Superficial layers of dead cells -Cells lack nuclei, filled with keratin -Cells in basal region migrate towards apical surface, fill with keratin and die -Found in epidermis

A

Stratified squamous keratinized

62
Q

Description

-All cells alive -Kept moist w/ secretions -Lack keratin, protective protein -Microscopically visible cell nuclei -Lines oral cavity -Lines part of pharynx -Lines esophagus -Lines vagina -Lines anus

A

Stratified squamous nonkeratinized

63
Q

Description

-Limited to urinary tract -In relaxed state; basal cells cuboidal or polyhedral; apical cells large and rounded -In stretched state; apical cells flattened -Binucleated cells

A

Transitional epithelium

64
Q

Description

-Lack ducts -secrete hormones into blood -chemical messengers that influence cell activity elsewhere

A

Endocrine glands

65
Q

Description

-Invaginated epithelium in connective tissue -connected w/ epithelial surface by duct -Epithelium lined tube for gland secretion -Sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands

A

Exocrine glands

66
Q

Description

-Cells -Protein fibers -Ground substance

A

Characteristics of connective tissue

67
Q

Description

-Extracellular matrix -Protein fibers; strengthen and support tissue; collagen, reticular,, elastic -Ground substance; noncellular material produced by CT cells; consistency: viscous (e.g. blood); semisolid (e.g. cartilage); solid (e.g. bone)

A

Connective tissue components

68
Q

Description

-Most diverse, abundant, and widely distributed tissue -Supports, protects, and binds organs -Cells, protein fibers, and ground substance -Tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, blood

A

Connective tissue

69
Q

Description

-Glucosaminoglycans (GAGs) -Carbohydrate building blocks, some with attached amines -Negatively charged and hydrophilic -Charge attacts cations, water follows -Types; chondroitin sulfate, heparin sulfate, hyaluronic acid

A

Ground substance

70
Q

Description

-Physical protection -Support and structural framework -Binding structures -Storage -Transport -Immune protection

A

Functions of Connective tissue

71
Q

Description

-Areolar -Adipose -Reticular

A

Loose CT

72
Q

Description

-Dense regular -Dense irregular -Elastic

A

Dense CT

73
Q

Description

-Cartilage -Bone

A

Supporting CT

74
Q

Description

-Chondrocytes (mature cells), occupy lacunae -Surrounded by a dense irregular CT covering

A

Cartilage

75
Q

Description

Three Types -Hyaline cartilage -Fibrocartilage -Elastic cartilage

A

Perichondrium

76
Q

Description

Types -Compact -Spongy Functions -Levers for movement -Supports tissues -Protects vital organs -Stores minerals, eg. calcium & phosphorus -Houses hemopoietic cells, which make blood cells

A

Bone

77
Q

Description

Types -Blood -Lymph

A

Fluid CT

78
Q

Description

-Liquid ground substance is called plasma -Dissolved proteins -Transports nutrients, wastes, hormones

A

Blood

79
Q

Description

-Derived from blood plasma -No cellular components or fragments -Ultimately return to bloodstream

A

Lymph

80
Q

Description

-Voluntary movement -Striated -Multinucleated

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

81
Q

Description

-Involuntary movement -Visible striations, one or two nuclei -Connected by intercalated discs

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

82
Q

Description

-Involuntary movement -Lacks striations, appears smooth -Found in walls of intestines, stomach, airways, bladder, uterus, blood vessels

A

Smooth muscle tissue

83
Q

Description

Located in brain, spinal cord, nerves Cells called neurons Receive, transmit, and process nerve impulses Large number of glial cells Glial cells do not transmit nerve impulses Instead, are responsible for protection, nourishment and support of neurons

A

Nervous tissue

84
Q

Description

-Formed from epithelial layer bound to underlying CT -Line body cavities -Cover viscera -Cover body’s external surface Four Types -Mucous -Serous -Cutaneous -Synovial

A

Body membranes

85
Q

Description

-Lines compartments that open to external environment -Includes: digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts -Performs absorptive, protective, and secretory functions -Epithelium & underlying CT -CT component = lamina propria -Covered w/ layer of mucous derived from goblet cells, multicellular glands, or both

A

Mucosa

86
Q

Description

-Lines body cavities that do not open to external environment -Simple squamous epithelium (MESOTHELIUM) -Produces thin, watery serous fluid -Reduces friction between opposing surfaces -Forms parietal and visceral layers -Serous cavity is in between

A

Serous membrane

87
Q

Description

-Skin -Covers external surface of body -Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, underlying CT -Protects Internal organs and prevents water loss

A

Cutaneous membrane

88
Q

Description

-Lines some joints in the body -Composed of areolar CT, covered by squamous cells lacking basement membrane -Epithelial cells secrete synovial fluid -Reduces friction among moving bone parts -Distributes nutrients to cartilage

A

Synovial membrane

Bio 241 (10 decks)

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