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A&P 1 > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A

groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function

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2
Q

History of Tissue

A

Knowledge dates back to hundreds of years, and builds up

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3
Q

Three Germ layers

A

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

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4
Q

Ectoderm

A

(Ecto: Outside, Derm: Skin) all nervous tissues, integument (Skin) some connective tissue

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5
Q

Mesoderm

A

(Meso: In between) all muscular tissues, all (most) skeletal tissues, all cardiovascular & lymphatic

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6
Q

Endoderm

A

(Endo: Inside) linings of major internal organ systems

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7
Q

4 Tissue Groups

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Neural

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8
Q

Blastocyst

A

Forms through cell replication, forms the three layers.

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9
Q

Epithelial Tissues

A

Found in body coverings, body linings, glandular tissues

Functions: protection (skin) absorption (oxygen in blood stream) filtration (filter in kidney) secretion (pumping)

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10
Q

Epithelial Characteristics

A

Close together, continuous layer, always has one free surface, lower surface bound by basement membrane, avascular (no blood supply), regenerate easily if well nourished

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11
Q

Apical Surface

Basal Surface

A
  • Upper/free surface of a cell

- Body exterior of a cell

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12
Q

Microvilli

Cilia

A
  • Finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane

- Hairlike projections that propel substances

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13
Q

Naming Epithelial Tissues

A
  • Thickness
  • Shape or shape of top layer of cells
  • Combine thickness and shape for the name
  • Add special features (i.e. cilia, goblet) to the name
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14
Q

Classification: Number of cell layers
Simple
Stratified

A
  • One layer

- More than one layer

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15
Q

Classification of epithelium: Shape of cells
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

A
  • Flattened
  • Cube shaped
  • Column like
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16
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

Single layer of flat, thin cells

Usually forms membranes, lines cavities, lungs, and capillaries, Very abundant

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17
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Cells on free edge are flattened, found as a protective covering where friction is common, Skin, lungs, esophagus

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18
Q

Simple Cubiodal Epithelium

A

Single layer of cube-like cells, common in glands and ducts, forms walls of kidney tubules, covers ovaries

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19
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

More than one layer of cuboidal cells, uncommon but can be found in ducts of large glands

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20
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Single layer of tall cells, often includes goblet cells which produce mucus, lines digestive tract.
Small intestine is lined by a row, which has a fine band of cilia (soaks up food and nutrients)

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21
Q

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Surface cells are columnar, cells underneath vary in size and shape, rare (found in ducts of large glands)

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22
Q

(Simple) Pseudostratified Epithelium

A

Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others, often looks like a double cell layer, All are attached to basement membrane. May function in absorption or secretion. Lungs (respiratory)

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23
Q

Stratified (Transitional) Epithelium

A

Changes between appearances, depends on amount of stretching, lines organs in the urinary system- bladder, as it fills up, it expands (Pillow Shaped)

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24
Q

Mucous membranes

A

lines body cavities connected to the outside, digestive tract, respiratory…

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25
Q

Serous membranes

A

lines body cavities disconnected from the outside, simple squamous epithelium (heart, lungs)

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26
Q

Cutaneous membranes

A

our skin and entrances to body cavities (mouth, anus)

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27
Q

Synovial membranes

A

lining of joint cavities

28
Q

Glandular Epithelium

-Gland

A

-one or more cells that secretes a particular product

29
Q

2 major gland types

A

Endocrine and Exocrine

30
Q

Endocrine Gland

A

small gland, into the blood stream, ductless, secretes hormones

31
Q

Exocrine Gland

A

Empties through ducts to the epithelial surface (discharges) includes sweat and oil glands

32
Q

Cellular Mechanisms of Glandular Secretion STEPS

A
  1. mRNA, tRNA,rRNA formation
  2. RNA passes through nuclear envelope
  3. Protein synthesis on rER
  4. Transport vesicles depart rER
  5. Fusion of transport vesicles w/ Golgi
  6. Protein concentration & maturation
  7. Forming of condensing vacuole
  8. Maturation to secretory granules
  9. Secretion (through exocytosis/endocytosis)
33
Q

Excretion Route

A

Exocrine- Surface

Endocrine- Blood

34
Q

Excretion Mode

A

Apocrine, merocrine, holocrine

35
Q

Apocrine Secretion

A

portion of cell shaves off, mammary gland- breast

36
Q

Merocrine Secretion

A

secretory vesicle fuses with cell membrane, like exocytosis

37
Q

Holocrine Secretion

A

release of whole cell into excretory duct (sebaceous glands…)

38
Q

Classification Based on Glandular Complexity: Unicellular

A

goblet cell, secretes mucin-> turns to mucus

39
Q

Classification Based on Glandular Complexity: Multicellular

A

secretory sheet, homogeneous sheet of secretory cells, intraepthelia gland

40
Q

Serous Cells

Mucous Cells

A

Watery

Thick mucus substance

41
Q

Connective Tissue (CT) -very diverse (6 Types)

A

Dense/Loose Connective Tissue
Blood/Lymph Fluid Connective Tissue
Cartilage/Bone Supporting Connective Tissue

42
Q

Functions of CT

A

Binds body tissues together
Supports the body
Provides protection

43
Q

CT Fibers:
Collagen
Elastic
Reticular

A
  • often the most abundant fibers, skin
  • allowing the stretching of tissues, vocal cords
  • abundant only when forming organ skeletons, honeycomb structure/scaffolding
44
Q

Ground Substance

A

Jelly like substance, forms matrix of connective tissue, consistency varies: water, hyaluronan, proteoglycans, glycoprotiens

45
Q

Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Adipocytes

A
  • secrete fiber protein
  • to eat, involved in immune response
  • fat cells
46
Q

Mesenchymal cells
Melanocytes
Mast cells

A
  • stem cells of connective tissue
  • produce and store melanin
  • release histamine and heparin
47
Q

Lymphocytes

Microphages

A
  • precursor to plasma cells which produce antibodies

- neutrophils and eosinophils, both leukocytes

48
Q

CT Characteristics

A
  • Some have blood supply, others avascular

- Extracellular matrix, non-living material that surrounds living cells

49
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

Two main elements: Ground substances and

Fibers: collagen, elastic, and reticular

50
Q

CT types: Bone (osseous tissue)

A

Composed of bone cells in lacunae cavities, hard matrix of calcium salts, large number of collagen fibers

51
Q

CT types: Hyaline cartilage

A

Most common cartilage, composed of collagen fibers, rubbery matrix, (shock absorber) entire fetal skeleton is hyaline cartilage

52
Q

CT types: Elastic cartilage

A

provides elasticity, supports the external ear, bounces back into place

53
Q

CT types: Fibrocartilage

A

highly compressible, cushion like discs between vertebrae

54
Q

CT types: Dense connective tissue

A

main matrix is collagen fivers, cells are fibroblasts

ex. tendon (muscle to bone), ligaments (bone to bone)

55
Q

CT types: Dense irregular

A

leather, in all directions, skin

56
Q

CT types: Areolar

A

soft, pliable tissue, all fiber types, not organized, soak up fluids, a filler tissue

57
Q

CT types: Adipose

A

Fat gobules are contained, lipid storage, insulates body, protection organs, fuel storage
Think- pregnancy (storage) protection (bubble wrap)

58
Q

CT types: Reticular

A

Delicate interwoven fibers, found in bone marrow, liver- honeycomb appearance

59
Q

CT types: Blood

A

surrounded by fluid matrix, fibers are visible during clotting (bleeding), functions as transport vehicle for materials

60
Q

Erythrocytes: RBC

A

most common, transport oxygen and help transport carbon dioxide

61
Q 
Leukocytes: WBC
Monocyte
Lymphocyte
Eosionphil
Neutrophil
Basophil
A 
defense and immunity
-
-
-Microphages: granular but see nucleus
-Microphages, multiple lobed nucleus
-Granular mass
62
Q

Platelets

A

blood clotting

63
Q

Tissue repair process

A

Regeneration- replacing destroyed tissue by same cells
Fibrosis- repair dense fibrous CT (scar tissue)
Determination of method: type of tissue, injury severity

64
Q

Events in Tissue Repair

A

Capillaries become permeable
Formation of granulation tissue
Regeneration of surface epitheliium

65
Q

Tissues regenerate easily:
Poorly:
Replaced with scar:

A

Epithelial, fiberous CT and bone
Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac muscle, Nervous tissue in brain/spinal cord

A&P 1 (4 decks)

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