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A&P 1 > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A

groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function

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2
Q

History of Tissue

A

Knowledge dates back to hundreds of years, and builds up

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3
Q

Three Germ layers

A

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

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4
Q

Ectoderm

A

(Ecto: Outside, Derm: Skin) all nervous tissues, integument (Skin) some connective tissue

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5
Q

Mesoderm

A

(Meso: In between) all muscular tissues, all (most) skeletal tissues, all cardiovascular & lymphatic

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6
Q

Endoderm

A

(Endo: Inside) linings of major internal organ systems

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7
Q

4 Tissue Groups

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Neural

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8
Q

Blastocyst

A

Forms through cell replication, forms the three layers.

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9
Q

Epithelial Tissues

A

Found in body coverings, body linings, glandular tissues

Functions: protection (skin) absorption (oxygen in blood stream) filtration (filter in kidney) secretion (pumping)

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10
Q

Epithelial Characteristics

A

Close together, continuous layer, always has one free surface, lower surface bound by basement membrane, avascular (no blood supply), regenerate easily if well nourished

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11
Q

Apical Surface

Basal Surface

A
  • Upper/free surface of a cell

- Body exterior of a cell

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12
Q

Microvilli

Cilia

A
  • Finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane

- Hairlike projections that propel substances

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13
Q

Naming Epithelial Tissues

A
  • Thickness
  • Shape or shape of top layer of cells
  • Combine thickness and shape for the name
  • Add special features (i.e. cilia, goblet) to the name
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14
Q

Classification: Number of cell layers
Simple
Stratified

A
  • One layer

- More than one layer

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15
Q

Classification of epithelium: Shape of cells
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

A
  • Flattened
  • Cube shaped
  • Column like
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16
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

Single layer of flat, thin cells

Usually forms membranes, lines cavities, lungs, and capillaries, Very abundant

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17
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Cells on free edge are flattened, found as a protective covering where friction is common, Skin, lungs, esophagus

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18
Q

Simple Cubiodal Epithelium

A

Single layer of cube-like cells, common in glands and ducts, forms walls of kidney tubules, covers ovaries

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19
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

More than one layer of cuboidal cells, uncommon but can be found in ducts of large glands

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20
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Single layer of tall cells, often includes goblet cells which produce mucus, lines digestive tract.
Small intestine is lined by a row, which has a fine band of cilia (soaks up food and nutrients)

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21
Q

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Surface cells are columnar, cells underneath vary in size and shape, rare (found in ducts of large glands)

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22
Q

(Simple) Pseudostratified Epithelium

A

Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others, often looks like a double cell layer, All are attached to basement membrane. May function in absorption or secretion. Lungs (respiratory)

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23
Q

Stratified (Transitional) Epithelium

A

Changes between appearances, depends on amount of stretching, lines organs in the urinary system- bladder, as it fills up, it expands (Pillow Shaped)

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24
Q

Mucous membranes

A

lines body cavities connected to the outside, digestive tract, respiratory…

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25
Serous membranes
lines body cavities disconnected from the outside, simple squamous epithelium (heart, lungs)
26
Cutaneous membranes
our skin and entrances to body cavities (mouth, anus)
27
Synovial membranes
lining of joint cavities
28
Glandular Epithelium | -Gland
-one or more cells that secretes a particular product
29
2 major gland types
Endocrine and Exocrine
30
Endocrine Gland
small gland, into the blood stream, ductless, secretes hormones
31
Exocrine Gland
Empties through ducts to the epithelial surface (discharges) includes sweat and oil glands
32
Cellular Mechanisms of Glandular Secretion STEPS
1. mRNA, tRNA,rRNA formation 2. RNA passes through nuclear envelope 3. Protein synthesis on rER 4. Transport vesicles depart rER 5. Fusion of transport vesicles w/ Golgi 6. Protein concentration & maturation 7. Forming of condensing vacuole 8. Maturation to secretory granules 9. Secretion (through exocytosis/endocytosis)
33
Excretion Route
Exocrine- Surface | Endocrine- Blood
34
Excretion Mode
Apocrine, merocrine, holocrine
35
Apocrine Secretion
portion of cell shaves off, mammary gland- breast
36
Merocrine Secretion
secretory vesicle fuses with cell membrane, like exocytosis
37
Holocrine Secretion
release of whole cell into excretory duct (sebaceous glands...)
38
Classification Based on Glandular Complexity: Unicellular
goblet cell, secretes mucin-> turns to mucus
39
Classification Based on Glandular Complexity: Multicellular
secretory sheet, homogeneous sheet of secretory cells, intraepthelia gland
40
Serous Cells | Mucous Cells
Watery | Thick mucus substance
41
Connective Tissue (CT) -very diverse (6 Types)
Dense/Loose Connective Tissue Blood/Lymph Fluid Connective Tissue Cartilage/Bone Supporting Connective Tissue
42
Functions of CT
Binds body tissues together Supports the body Provides protection
43
CT Fibers: Collagen Elastic Reticular
- often the most abundant fibers, skin - allowing the stretching of tissues, vocal cords - abundant only when forming organ skeletons, honeycomb structure/scaffolding
44
Ground Substance
Jelly like substance, forms matrix of connective tissue, consistency varies: water, hyaluronan, proteoglycans, glycoprotiens
45
Fibroblasts Macrophages Adipocytes
- secrete fiber protein - to eat, involved in immune response - fat cells
46
Mesenchymal cells Melanocytes Mast cells
- stem cells of connective tissue - produce and store melanin - release histamine and heparin
47
Lymphocytes | Microphages
- precursor to plasma cells which produce antibodies | - neutrophils and eosinophils, both leukocytes
48
CT Characteristics
- Some have blood supply, others avascular | - Extracellular matrix, non-living material that surrounds living cells
49
Extracellular Matrix
Two main elements: Ground substances and | Fibers: collagen, elastic, and reticular
50
CT types: Bone (osseous tissue)
Composed of bone cells in lacunae cavities, hard matrix of calcium salts, large number of collagen fibers
51
CT types: Hyaline cartilage
Most common cartilage, composed of collagen fibers, rubbery matrix, (shock absorber) entire fetal skeleton is hyaline cartilage
52
CT types: Elastic cartilage
provides elasticity, supports the external ear, bounces back into place
53
CT types: Fibrocartilage
highly compressible, cushion like discs between vertebrae
54
CT types: Dense connective tissue
main matrix is collagen fivers, cells are fibroblasts | ex. tendon (muscle to bone), ligaments (bone to bone)
55
CT types: Dense irregular
leather, in all directions, skin
56
CT types: Areolar
soft, pliable tissue, all fiber types, not organized, soak up fluids, a filler tissue
57
CT types: Adipose
Fat gobules are contained, lipid storage, insulates body, protection organs, fuel storage Think- pregnancy (storage) protection (bubble wrap)
58
CT types: Reticular
Delicate interwoven fibers, found in bone marrow, liver- honeycomb appearance
59
CT types: Blood
surrounded by fluid matrix, fibers are visible during clotting (bleeding), functions as transport vehicle for materials
60
Erythrocytes: RBC
most common, transport oxygen and help transport carbon dioxide
61
``` Leukocytes: WBC Monocyte Lymphocyte Eosionphil Neutrophil Basophil ```
``` defense and immunity - - -Microphages: granular but see nucleus -Microphages, multiple lobed nucleus -Granular mass ```
62
Platelets
blood clotting
63
Tissue repair process
Regeneration- replacing destroyed tissue by same cells Fibrosis- repair dense fibrous CT (scar tissue) Determination of method: type of tissue, injury severity
64
Events in Tissue Repair
Capillaries become permeable Formation of granulation tissue Regeneration of surface epitheliium
65
Tissues regenerate easily: Poorly: Replaced with scar:
Epithelial, fiberous CT and bone Skeletal Muscle Cardiac muscle, Nervous tissue in brain/spinal cord

A&P 1 (4 decks)

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