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A&P Module 2 > Tissues (3) > Flashcards

Tissues (3) Flashcards

1
Q

what are tissues?

A

Groups of cells with similar structure and function

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2
Q

What is Histology?

A

The study of normal tissues

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3
Q

What is Pathology?

A

The study of abnormal tissues

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4
Q

What are the 4 primary types of tissues?

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nervous
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5
Q

What is a Membrane?

A

A sheet of tissues

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6
Q

Locations of Epithelial tissues

A

-Body coverings
-Body linings
-glandular tissue

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7
Q

Functions of Epithelial tissues

A

-Protection
-Absorption
-Filtration
-Secretion

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of Epithelial tissue

A

-Versatility
-Continuity
-Regenerate
-Secretion

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9
Q

Secretion

A

All substances either secreted or absorbed must pass through epithelial tissues; many are capable of secretion. May be called GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM or SIMPLY GLANDS

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10
Q

Epithelial membranes have a free ______ exposed either to body’s exterior or to cavity of an internal organ, and a lower surface resting on a structure-less ______

A
  1. Apical surface
  2. basement membrane
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11
Q

Simple Epithelium

A

Single layer of flat cells

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12
Q

Stratified Epithelium

A

Many layers of mostly flat cells

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13
Q

Squamous epithelium

A

Flat, very thin, and smooth

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14
Q

Cuboidal epithelium

A

Cube-shaped like dice

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15
Q

Columnar epithelium

A

Shaped like columns

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16
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

single layer of FLAT cells

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17
Q

location of squamous epithelium

A

-Lines ventral body cavities and covers organs in those cavities
-Lines the lungs and capillaries where diffusion or filtration of substances occur
-Lines arteries, veins, and the heart

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18
Q

functions of simple squamous epithelium

A

diffusion, filtration, and secretion in membranes

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19
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Single layer of CUBE-SHAPED cells

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20
Q

location of simple cuboidal epithelium

A
  • common in glands and their ducts.
    ex: salivary glands, thyroid glands, and pancreas (glandular epithelium)
    -found in walls of kidney tubules where they have microvilli-for reabsorption of substances
    -ciliated types are found in the fallopian tubes
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21
Q

functions of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

-secretion, re-absorption, and in some instances propulsion

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22
Q

simple columnar epitherlium

A

single layer cells shaped like COLUMNS they are taller than they are wide

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23
Q

location of simple columnar epithelium

A

entire length of digestive tract (stomach to anus)

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24
Q

function of simple columnar epithelium

A

secretion of digestive enzymes, and absorption of end products of digestion into blood and lymph

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25
Q

Microvilli ( columnar epithelium)

A

for efficient absorption, columnar cells of small intestines have microvilli that increase the surface area for absorption

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26
Q

Goblet Cell (columnar epithelium)

A

A type of columnar cell found in intestinal and respiratory linings
-secretes mucus

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27
Q

Goblet cell is also known as

A

a unicellular gland

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28
Q

Ciliated epithelium

A

columnar cells with cilia on their free surface
-sweeps materials across cell surface
-lines nasal cavities, larynx, trachea, etc

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29
Q

Stratified cuboidal

A

two layers of cuboidal cells
- functions in protection

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30
Q

stratified columnar

A

surface cells are columnar. Cells underneath vary in size and shape
-functions in protection

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31
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

cells become flater as they are pushed toward the surface

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32
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar

A

single layer, but some cells are shorter than others giving the false (pseudo) impression of being stratified

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33
Q

Location of pseudostratified columnar

A

respiratory tract where it is ciliated (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium)

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34
Q

Mucus from ___ traps dust and debris and the___ propel the mucus upward and away from the lungs

A
  1. goblet cells
  2. cilia
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35
Q

function of pseudostratified columnar

A

protection, absorption, or secretion

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36
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

The surface change shape from round to squamous
- Lines the urinary bladder
- allows it to stretch without tearing

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37
Q

Glands

A

Epithelial cells or organs that synthesize and secrete a particular product that has a function either at that site or at a more distant sight

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38
Q

Unicellular glands

A
  • goblet cells
  • found in the lining of the respiratory and digestive tracts
  • their secretion is mucus
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39
Q

Multicellular glands

A

-made of many similar cells or a variety with their products mixed into a collective secretion

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40
Q

What are the 2 major groups Multicellular glands are divided into

A

Exocrine and Endocrine

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41
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Secretions empty through ducts
- includes sweat and sebaceous glands(external), liver and pancreas (internal)
- mostly secrete ENZYMES

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42
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Ductless, secretions directly diffuse into capillaries
- all secretions are HORMONES

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43
Q

What are the types of connective tissue

A
  • Loose connective tissue
    -Dense connective tissue
    -Specialized connective tissue
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44
Q

What are the types of loose connective tissue

A

-Areolar
-Adipose

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45
Q

What are the types of dense connective tissue

A

-Fibrous
-Elastic

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46
Q

What are the types of specialized connective tissue

A

-Blood and hemopoietic
-Bone
-Cartilage
-Lymphoid and reticuloendothelial
-synovial tissue and bursae

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47
Q

Functions of the connective tissue

A

-Binds body tissues together
-supports the body
-provides protection

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48
Q

What is a typical characteristic of all connective tissues

A

The presence of Matrix

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49
Q

What is Matrix

A

A structural network of NON-LIVING intracellular material
- each connective tissue has its own specific kind of matrix

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50
Q

A characteristic of connective tissue is living cells which are

A

responsible for producing the matrix
-each connective tissue has different types of cells

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51
Q

A characteristic of connective tissue is variations in blood supply

A

Most connective tissues are well vascularized (good blood supply)
- tendons, ligaments, and cartilages have poor blood supply and heal very slowly

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52
Q

Extracellular Matrix has

A

Ground substance and fibers

53
Q

Ground substance in extracellular matrix

A

mostly water along with proteins and polysaccharide molecules

54
Q

Fibers in extracellular matrix

A
  • produced and secreted by LIVING CELLS
55
Q

what are the 3 types of fibers

A

Collagen(white), Elastic(yellow), and Reticular fibers

56
Q

Areolar tissue

A

Have fibroblasts, collagen, elastic fibers, and fluid that make up the matrix

57
Q

what are fibroblasts

A

the cells that produce all protein fiber types

58
Q

The matrix contain mast cells that release

A

Histmine and macrophages

59
Q

What are the functions of the areolar tissue

A

-packaging tissue
-intercepts pathogens
-participates in inflammation
-phagocytosis

60
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

Process by which white blood cells engulf and destroy microbes

61
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

There are two kinds and both are called ADIPOCYTES

62
Q

White Adipose tissue

A

Matrix is small, consists of tissue fluid and a FEW COLLAGEN FIBERS

63
Q

Brown adipose tissue “brown fat”

A

Adipocytes contain iron

64
Q

Reticular Connective Tissue

A

delicate network of interwoven RETICULAR FIBERS forming stroma or internal framework of certain organs
-These fibers are synthesized RETICULAR CELLS

65
Q

Location of reticular connective tissue

A

lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and bone marrow

66
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

The main matrix element is COLLAGEN FIBERS
- crowded between collagen fibers are parallel rows of FIBROBLASTS that synthesize them

67
Q

Locations of FIBROUS dense connective tissue

A

-outer layer of arterial walls
-tendons
-ligaments
-between skin and muscles

68
Q

Locations of Elastic dense connective tissue

A

-middle layers of arterial walls
-surrounding alveoli of lungs

69
Q

Bone also known as

A

Osseous tissue

70
Q

Bone cells are

A

osteocytes

71
Q

Matrix of bone is made of

A

Calcium Salts and abundant collagen fibers

72
Q

In long bones the osteocytes, matrix, and blood vessels are in very precise arrangements called

A

Haversian systems or osteons

73
Q

What are the functions of Bone (special connective tissue)

A

support the body, protect internal organs from mechanical injury, storage for calcium,

74
Q

Blood vessels go through

A

the central canal

75
Q

Osteocytes are

A

Inside the lacunae

76
Q

Lamella are

A

The lines

77
Q

Cartilage is

A

less hard, smooth, and more flexible than the bone

78
Q

Characteristics of cartilage

A
  • Matrix is a protein-carbohydrate mix, does not contain calcium salts, but contains ABUNDANT WATER
79
Q

what is the major cell type of cartilage

A

chondrocyte

80
Q

what does cartilage contain

A

abundant collagen fibers

81
Q

Locations of cartilage

A

larynx, rib attachments to sternum, epiphyses of long bones, entire fetal skeleton prior to birth

82
Q

What are the types of cartilage

A

Hyaline Cartilage, Elastic Cartilage, and Fibrocartilage

83
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Has ABUNDANT COLLAGEN FIBERS hidden by a rubbery matrix with glassy BLUE-WHITE appearance
- chondrocyte is its major cell type

84
Q

Locations of Hyaline cartilage

A

Nasal septum, larynx. articular surfaces of the joints

85
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

possesses WEB-LIKE MESH OF ELASTIC FIBERS amongst lacunae containing CHONDROCYTES
- Always has a PERICHONDRIUM

86
Q

Location of Elastic cartilage

A

External ear, nose, epiglottis

87
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

highly compressible forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae

88
Q

Blood is

A

The only connective tissue in fluid state

89
Q

52%-62% total blood volume

A

is surrounded by fluid matrix called blood plasma

90
Q

Fibers are

A

the soluble protein MOLECULES-PROTHROMBIN AND FIBRINOGEN that become visible during blood clotting

91
Q

Blood cells are

A

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and thrombocytes

92
Q

What is unique about blood

A

It is the only connective tissue in fluid state

93
Q

What are Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

94
Q

What are Leukocytes

A

White blood cells

95
Q

What are Thrombocytes

A

Platelets

96
Q

Muscle cells is also known as

A

muscle fiber and MYCOCYTE

97
Q

Muscle fibers are

A

embedded into an EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX consisting if a mesh of COLLAGENOUS components

98
Q

what are the types of muscles

A

skeletal
smooth
cardiac

99
Q

Skeletal muscle

A
  • CYLINDRICAL cells, MULTINUCLEATED, STRIATED
100
Q

Striations are

A

due to precise arrangement of alternating light ACTIN and dark MYOSIN FILAMENTS IN THE MUSCLE FIBERS

101
Q

Skeletal muscles are

A

voluntary

102
Q

what are the functions of the skeletal muscle

A

-move the skeletal bones to which they are attached
-generate significant amount of body head to maintain temp constant
-help in respiration

103
Q

Cardiac Muscle cells are only found in the

A

Heart, called MYOCARDIUM as a whole

104
Q

Cardiac muscle cells are

A

Branches, uninucleated and faintly striated

105
Q

Cell membranes are extensively folded and fit into matching interlocking folds called

A

Intercalated discs

106
Q

cardiac muscles are

A

involuntary

107
Q

functions of the cardiac muscles

A

pump blood
maintain blood pressure
keep blood in circulation

108
Q

Smooth/ Visceral muscles are

A

spindle-shapes cells, uninucleated, with no striations

109
Q

smooth/visceral muscles are

A

involuntary

110
Q

Functions for smooth/visceral muscles

A

the functions of the organs in which they are found

111
Q

Smooth visceral muscles are found in

A

The stomach and intestines, contractions are in waves called PERISTALSIS

112
Q

Nervous tissue

A

composed of NEURONS THE NERVE CELLS, and specialized NERVE SUPPORT CELLS CALLED NEUROGLIA

113
Q

Neurons are capable of

A

generating and transmitting electrochemical impulses through chemicals called Neurotransmitters

114
Q

Neuroglia

A

Insulate, protect, and support neurons

115
Q

Major characteristics of neurons

A

-irritability
-conductivity

116
Q

functions of nervous tissue

A

feeling an interpreting sensations, initiation of movements, learning and memory

117
Q

What are the tissues that regenerate easily

A

-epithelial
-blood-forming tissues
-bone

118
Q

What are the tissues that regenerate weakly

A

-Smooth muscle
-dense regular connective tissue

119
Q

Tissues that regenerate poorly

A

-skeletal muscle
-cartilage

120
Q

Tissues that do not regenerate but replaced largely with scar tissue

A

-cardiac muscle
-nervous tissue within the brain and spinal chord

121
Q

What are the 3 types of reactions that occur

A

-regeneration
-healing
-fibrosis

122
Q

what is regeneration

A

tissue replaced damaged components and returns to a normal state

123
Q

what is healing

A

damaged tissues incapable of complete restitution and or supporting structures of tissues are severely damaged

124
Q

what is fibrosis

A

heavy deposition of collagen in organs such as lungs, liver, kidneys following chronic inflammatory processes

125
Q

Skin and aging

A

loses elasticity and collagen becomes less flexible, develop wrinkles

126
Q

arteries and aging

A

reduced capacity to expand become hardened
- render less blood supply, lowered metabolism, decline in hormone levels and slow healing

127
Q

tendons, ligaments and aging

A

stopped posture and joint instability

128
Q

bones and aging

A

lose calcium, become brittle, prone to fractures(osteoporosis)

129
Q

muscles in aging

A

atrophy (loss cells)

A&P Module 2 (3 decks)

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