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A&P Module 2 > Integumentary (4) > Flashcards

Integumentary (4) Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the integumentary system

A

-protection
-excretion
-maintenance of body temperature
-production of melanin
-production of keratin
-synthesis of vitamin D
-storage of lipids
- detection of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature stimuli

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2
Q

what are the 3 protection barriers the skin has

A

-chemical
-physical
-biological

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3
Q

Chemical barriers

A

include skin secretions and melanin

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4
Q

The low pH of skin acts as an ACID MANTLE which

A

retards BACTERIAL MULTIPLICATION

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5
Q

DERMICIDIN in sweat……

A

and BACTERIAL SUBSTANCES in sebum kill many bacteria

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6
Q

Skin cells secrete NATURAL ANTIBIOTICS called

A

DEFENSINS

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7
Q

Injured skin cells produce PROTECTIVE PEPTIDES called

A

CATHELICIDINS

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8
Q

Physical Barriers

A

provided by interlocking continuity and KERATINIZATION of epithelial cells

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9
Q

Melanin
(physical barrier)

A

provides a chemical pigment shield to prevent UV damage to skin cells

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10
Q

Dendritic Cells
(Biological barrier)

A

active elements of the immune system

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11
Q

Dermal macrophages (biological barrier)

A

dispose of viruses and bacteria

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12
Q

DNA
(biological barrier)

A

an effective biologically based sunscreen; electrons in DNA molecules absorb UV radiation

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13
Q

Body temperature regulation

A

dermal blood vessels and sweat glands help regulate body temperature

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14
Q

When the body temperature rises the nervous system stimulates

A

Vasodilation and sweat glands get into vigorous secretory activity

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15
Q

In cold environment it causes vasoconstriction which

A

helps conserve body heat

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16
Q

Exteroceptors

A

Skin is richly supplied with cutaneous sensory receptors

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17
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles and tactile discs

A

for light touch

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18
Q

Merkel disks

A

touch

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19
Q

Krause end bulbs

A

touch

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20
Q

root hair plexus

A

touch

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21
Q

ruffini endings

A

pressure

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22
Q

pacinian corpuscles

A

deep pressure

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23
Q

free nerve ending

A

for pain

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24
Q

Metabolic functions

A

a modified cholesterol in the skin is converted to a VITAMIN D precursor through the action of sunlight

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25
Q

Blood reservoir

A

The dermal vascular supply is extensive and can hold about 5% of the body entire blood flow

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26
Q

Excretion

A

Eliminates limited amounts if Nitrogen containing wastes and salts in the sweat

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27
Q

what is excreted

A

-Urea
-Uric acid
-Ammonia
-NaCl in sweat

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28
Q

The skin is composed of the two layers ___

A

-Epidermis
- Dermis
and sometimes Hypodermis

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29
Q

Epidermis

A

composed of epithelial cells (outermost protective shield of the body)

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30
Q

Dermis

A

The bulk of the skin, tough and leathery mostly composed of dense connective tissue

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31
Q

Hypodermis

A

Subcutaneous tissue also called Subcutaneous fat
-shock absorber and insulator to reduce heat loss

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32
Q

The most important cell population of the epidermis are

A

Keratinocytes

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33
Q

Keratinocytes

A

produces keratin, the fibrous protein that gives the epidermis its protective properties

34
Q

Melanocytes

A

Synthesize the pigment melanin

35
Q

Melanin

A

produced by the melanocyte is primarily made from amino acid tyrosine

36
Q

Thick skin

A

covers areas subject to abrasions such as palms, finer and toes, sole of the feet
- contains stratum lucidum

37
Q

The epidermis consists of five layers what are they from deep to superficial (base to top most)

A
  • Stratum basale
    -stratum spinosum
    -stratum granulosum
    -stratum lucidum
    -stratum corneum
38
Q

Thin skin

A

covers the rest of the body
- does not have
stratum lucidum

39
Q

stratum means

A

layer

40
Q

stratum basale

A

deepest epidermal layer

41
Q

stratum spinosum
(prickly layer)

A

keratinocytes in this layer appear to have spines and cause them to be called prickle cells

42
Q

stratum granulosum
(granular layer)

A

-one to five cell layers thick
-process of keratinization begins

43
Q

stratum lucidum
(clear layer)

A

-visible only in thick skin
-consists of 2 or 3 rows of clear, dead keratinocytes

44
Q

Stratum corneum
(horny layer)

A
  • 20-30 layers thick accounts for at least 3/4 of the epidermal thickness
    -Keratin in these cells protect the skin from abrasion and penetration and waterproofs it
45
Q

Cells of the dermis are

A

fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasional mast cells and white blood cells

46
Q

Dermis has two layers called

A

-Papillary layer
- reticular layer

47
Q

Papillary layer
(upper dermal region)

A

has peg-like projections from its surface called DERMAL PAPILLAE that indent the overlaying epidermis

48
Q

In thick skin these dermal papillae cause

A

the overlying epidermis to form epidermal ridges or friction ridges

49
Q

Our fingertips leave identifying films of sweat called

A

fingerprints

50
Q

Blood flows to dermis and epidermis through the

A

papillary plexus and the vascularity is reflected in the skin color

51
Q

cyanosis

A

the surface of the skin has a bluish color

52
Q

more blood flow to region results in

A

red color

53
Q

less blood flow to region results in

A

pale color

54
Q

lower oxygen levels makes hemoglobin

A

darker red

55
Q

Oil (sebaceous glands)

A

produce oile (sebum) a lipid substance

56
Q

what is acne

A

when glands get blocked and infected

57
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands

A

Eccrine and Apocrine glands

58
Q

Eccrine or Merocrine Glands

A

The duct opens on the skin surface in sweat pores

59
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

-numerous in the axillary and anogenital areas
-larger than eccrine glands, but their ducts empty into hair follicles

60
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

Produce cerumen (earwax)

61
Q

Mammary glands

A

a type of modified sweat glands that secrete milk

62
Q

The part of the hair above the skin surface is called the

A

shaft

63
Q

the part of the hair below the skin surface is called the

A

root

64
Q

structure of the nail

A

-free edge
-body
-root
-cuticle
-lunula

65
Q

What are the types of burns

A

-Thermal
-electrical
-chemical
-radiation

66
Q

In adults volume of fluid loss can be estimated by computing the percentage of body surface burned using the

A

RULE OF NINES

67
Q

For RULE OF NINES the body is divided into

A

11 areas

68
Q

Burns are classified according to their

A

severity or depth

69
Q

first-degree burns

A

only epidermis is damaged
-sunburn

70
Q

second-degree burns

A

epidermis and upper dermis are damages
-Blisters form

71
Q

1st and 2nd degree burns are referred to as

A

partial thickness burns

72
Q

Third-degree burns

A

destroys entire thickness of skin
- referred to as full-thickness burns

73
Q

Burns are considered critical if

A

-Over 25% of the body has 2nd degree burns
-over 10% of the body has 3rd degree burns

74
Q

Facial burns are particularly dangerous due to

A

Laryngeal edema which lead to swelling of larynx and suffocation due to obstruction to the passage of air

75
Q

Cancer is classified in two ways

A

benign or malignant

76
Q

benign

A

does not metastasize

77
Q

malignant

A

metastasizes to other parts of the body

78
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

-least malignant and most common type (80%)
-occurs most often in sun exposed areas of the face

79
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

-2nd most common skin cancer
-scalp, ears, dorsum of hands

80
Q

Key to survival is early detection

A

ABCDE rule

81
Q

ABCDE rule

A

A= asymmetry
B= Border irregularity
C=different colors in pigmented area
D= diameter
E= elevation above skin surface

A&P Module 2 (3 decks)

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