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Anatomy and Physiology > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

0
Q

Where is epithelial tissue found?

A

covers the body and lines cavities, hollow organs and tubes.

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1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Tissues consist of large numbers of the same type of cells and are classified according to the size, shape and functions of their constituent cells.

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2
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A
  • protection of underlying structures from e.g dehydration, chemical/mechanical damage,
  • secretion
  • absorption
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3
Q

Name 2 types of epithelial tissue

A

Simple and stratified

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4
Q

Name the 4 types of simple epithelium

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar and pseudostratified columnar

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5
Q

What is squamous epithelium and where is it found?

A

Single layer of flattened cells fitting closely together and forming a thin and smooth membrane across which diffusion occurs easily. Rests on a basement membrane. Lines the heart, blood vessels, lymph vessels, alveoli of the lungs and the lines the collecting ducts of nephrons.

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6
Q

What is cuboidal epithelium and where is it found?

A

Cube-shaped cells fitting closely together lying on a basement membrane. It forms the kidney tubules and is found on some glands such as the thyroid. Also surface of ovary. Actively involved in secretion, absorption and/or excretion.

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7
Q

What is columnar epithelium and where is it found?

A

Single layer of rectangular cells in a basement membrane. Lines the stomach. It has microvilli in the small intestine thereby increasing the surface area for absorption of nutrients. In the trachea it’s ciliated and contains goblet cells which secrete mucus. In the uterine tubes, ova are propelled along by ciliary action towards the uterus.

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8
Q

What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

Some cells are shorter than others and the nuclei appear at different heights above the basement membrane.

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9
Q

What is stratified epithelia and what is its main function?

A

Consist of several layers of cells of various shapes. Continual cell division in the basal layers pushes cells above nearer to the surface where they are shed. Basement membranes usually absent. Main function - to protect underlying structures from mechanical wear and tear.

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10
Q

What is stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Several layers of cells. In the deepest layers the cells are mainly columnar, and as they grow towards the surface, they become flattened and are shed.

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11
Q

What is keratinised stratified epithelium?

A

Surface layer = dead epithelial cells which have lost their nuclei and contain keratin. Found in skin, hair and nails.

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12
Q

What does non-keratinised stratified epithelium do and where is it found?

A

Protects moist surfaces subjected to wear and tear, and prevents them from drying out, e.g. The conjunctiva of the eyes, the lining of the mouth, the pharynx, the oesophagus a and the vagina.

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13
Q

What is transitional epithelium and where is it found?

A

Several layers of cells. Basal cells - cube or columnar, surface cells - columnar or flat. Stretches. Lines the bladder, urethra and uterus.

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14
Q

How do endocrine glands secrete their products?

A

The products diffuse directly into blood vessels.

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15
Q

How do exocrine glands secrete their products?

A

The secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface.

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16
Q

Name the major functions of connective tissue?

A
  1. Binding and structural support
  2. Protection
  3. Transport
  4. Insulation
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17
Q

Name the 3 main components of connective tissue

A
  1. Ground substance
  2. Fibres - collagen and elastin
  3. Cells.
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18
Q

Name the 5 types of connective tissue cells

A 
Fibroblasts
Fat cells
Macrophages
Leukocytes
Mast cells
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19
Q

Name the 7 types of connective tissue

A 
Loose connective tissue
Dense connective tissue
Adipose tissue
Reticular tissue
Blood
Cartilage
Bone
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20
Q

Name two types of adipose tissue

A

White and brown

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21
Q

Name two types of dense connective tissue

A

Fibrous tissue

Elastic tissue

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22
Q

Name the 3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic fibrocartilage

23
Q

Name the 3 types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle

24
Q

What stimulates the contraction of skeletal muscle?

A

Motor nerve impulses originating in the central nervous system and ending at neuromuscular junction

25
Q

What stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle?

A

It can initiate its own contractions.

Also autonomic nerve impulses, some hormones and local metabolites.

26
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

In the walls of hollow organs:

  • regulating the diameter of blood vessels and parts of the respiratory tract
  • propelling contents along e.g. Ureters, ducts of glands and the alimentary canal
  • expelling contents of the urinary bladder and the uterus.
27
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

In the heart wall.

28
Q

Name the two types of nervous tissue.

A

Excitable cells (neurones) and non-excitable cells (glial cells).

29
Q

Which germ layers do epithelium, inner lining of the digestive system, nervous tissues and muscle and connective tissue come from?

A

Epithelium - all 3 germ layers
Inner lining of the digestive system - endoderm
Nervous tissue - ectoderm
Muscle and connective tissue - mesoderm

30
Q

Name the 5 special characteristics of epithelium

A 
Polarity
Specialised contacts
Supported by connective tissue
Avascular but innervated
Regeneration
31
Q

What do lateral contacts do?

A

Bond adjacent cells together at many points, e.g. Tight junctions or desmosomes.

32
Q

What do the tight junctions do in epithelium?

A

Help keep proteins in the apical region of the plasma membrane from diffusing into the basal region, and so help to maintain epithelial polarity.

33
Q

What is a basement membrane?

A

Extra cellular material consisting of a basal lamina secreted by epithelial cells and a reticular lamina secreted by underlying connective tissue cells.

34
Q

What happens when epithelial cells’ polarity and lateral contacts are destroyed?

A

They regenerate provided they receive adequate nutrition

35
Q

Where is simple epithelia usually found?

A

Where absorption, secretion and filtration occur.

36
Q

Where does stratified epithelia usually occur?

A

Common in high abrasion areas where protection is important like the surface of the skin or the lining of the mouth.

37
Q

Location of simple squamous epithelium?

A

Kidney glomeruli, alveoli, lining of heart, blood vessels and lymph vessels; lining of ventral body cavity.

38
Q

Where is endothelium found?

A

Lining the lymphatic vessels and all hollow organs of the cardiovascular system.

39
Q

Where is mesothelium found?

A

In serous membranes

40
Q

What’s the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Secretion and absorption

41
Q

Where can simple cuboidal epithelium be found?

A

Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface

42
Q

Where can simple columnar epithelium be found?

A

Nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract, gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes and some regions of the uterus.

43
Q

Where can pseudostratified columnar epithelium be found?

A

Nonciliated type in males’s sperm carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of upper respiratory tract.

44
Q

What’s the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Protection of underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion.

45
Q

Where can stratified squamous epithelium be found?

A

Nonkeratinised type forms the moist linings of the oesophagus, mouth and vagina; keratinised type forms the epidermis of the skin.

46
Q

Where can stratified cuboidal epithelium be found?

A

Ducts of some of the larger glands such as sweat or mammary glands.

47
Q

Where can stratified columnar epithelium be found?

A

In small amounts in the pharynx, the male urethra and the lining of some glandular ducts. Also at transition areas between two other types of epithelia.

48
Q

Where can transitional epithelium be found?

A

Lines the ureters, bladder and part of the urethra.

49
Q

What does a gland consist of?

A

One or more cells that make and secrete a particular product.

50
Q

Definition of endocrine glands

A

Ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood.

51
Q

How do endocrine glands secrete their products?

A

Directly into the extra cellular space by exocytosis, then into the blood or lymphatic fluid.

52
Q

Define exocrine glands.

A

Glands that have ducts through which their secretions are carried to a particular site.

53
Q

Where are unicellular exocrine glands found?

A

Sprinkled in the epithelial linings of the intestinal and respiratory tracts amid columnar cells.

54
Q

In humans what do all unicellular exocrine glands produce?

A

Mucin (a glycoprotein that dissolves in water when secreted).

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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