Tissues Flashcards
1
Q
Tissue
A
- A group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit
- Plants also have units
2
Q
Histology
A
- The study of tissues
3
Q
Organ
A
- organized group of tissues that perform one or more specific functions
4
Q
Types of Animal Tissue
A
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
5
Q
Epithelial Tissue
A
- Sheet-like tissue that covers body surfaces and lines body cavities.
- Classified based on number of layers (simple or stratified) and the shape of the cells
6
Q
What Does Epithelial Tissue Always Contain
A
- Apical surface: (free surface), exposed side.
- Basal surface: non-exposed side.
- Basement membrane (basal lamina): – extracellular substance at the basal surface, attaches the epithelial sheet to the underlying connective tissue
7
Q
Simple Squamous Epithelium
A
- One layer of cells
- Single layer of flat cells
- allows substances to cross by diffusion (gasses and nutrient diffuses easily), facilitate exchange of material
- E.g., Lining of blood and lymph vessels, alveoli
8
Q
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
A
- One layer of cells
- Single layer of square cells
- Absorption and secretion, movement of substances
- E.g., Lines kidney tubules, bronchioles in lungs, ducts of some glands (e.g., pancreas, thyroid), reproductive tract (ovaries, testes)
9
Q
Simple Columnar Epithelium
A
- One layer of cells
- Single layer of tall, rectangular cells
- The apical surface sometimes contains cilia or microvilli.
- Absorption, secretion of mucus, protection, movement of substances (cilia)
- E.g., Lining of digestive tract (e.g., stomach, intestines), trachea, fallopian tubes and uterus
10
Q
Stratified Epithelium
A
- Multiple layers of cells
- protect the body from external threats
- E.g., Skin
11
Q
Glandular Epithelium
A
- Modified epithelial cells that are organized into glands
- Produces and releases substances including hormones, enzymes, and fluid in the body from the apical surface
- E.g., many internal organs including the stomach, colon, pancreas, lungs, breast, uterus, cervix, and prostate
12
Q
Exocrine Glands
A
- Contain Ducts
- Secrete mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, milk, oil, digestive enzymes, etc
13
Q
Endocrine Glands
A
- Don’t contain ducts
- Secrete hormones (e.g., insulin, testosterone, estrogen)
14
Q
Connective Tissue
A
- The most abundant type.
- Support, protects, gives structure to other tissues and organs, and connects everything together.
- Always contains:
o Relatively few cells
o Abundant “extracellular matrix” made primarily of collagen fibers
15
Q
Soft Connective Tissue – Loose Connective
A
- Most abundant sub-type; unorganized; fills spaces between other tissues
- Cells: fibroblasts
- Function: provide elastic support and stores fluid
- Ex: beneath the skin, surrounds nerves, blood vessels, and organs
16
Q
Soft Connective Tissue – Dense Irregular
A
- More tightly packed fibers randomly arranged.
- Cells: fibroblasts
- Function: binds parts, provide support and protection
- Ex: deep skin (dermis), around intestines and in kidney capsule
17
Q
Soft Connective Tissue – Dense Regular
A
- Densely packed and highly organized fibers; strong and elastic.
- Cells: fibroblasts
- Function: provides stretchable attachment between body parts
- Ex: tendons (attach muscles to bones) and ligaments (attach bones to bones)
18
Q
Specialized Connective Tissue – Cartilage
A
- Cells: chondrocytes
- Matrix: collagen and chondrin; strong
and flexible - Function: supports soft tissues, cushions bone end at joint
- Ex: tip of nose, external ear, joints between bones, shark skeletons
19
Q
Specialized Connective Tissue – Bone
A
- Cells: osteocytes
- Matrix: collagen with calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite); strong and hard.
- Function: provide rigid support, attachment site for muscles, protects internal organs, produce blood cells
- Ex: vertebrate skeletons
20
Q
Specialized Connective Tissue – Adipose
A
- Cells: adipocytes (fat cells)
- Function: Energy storage and thermal insulation, cushions and protects some body parts
21
Q
Specialized connective tissue – Blood
A
- Cells: erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells)
- Matrix: plasma
- Function: transportation, distribute essential gases, nutrients to cells, remove wastes from them
22
Q
Muscle Tissue
A
- Muscle tissue can contract, allowing for movement
- Contains actin and myosin
23
Q
Smooth Muscle
A
- tapered ends with no striations
- Involuntary contraction
- Function: move substances through internal organs
- Ex: Walls of arteries and soft internal organs such the stomach, intestines, lungs, uterus, and bladder
24
Q
Skeletal Muscle
A
- Parallel arrays of long, cylindrical cells called muscle fibers.
- Voluntary contraction
- Striations = stripes formed by overlapping actin /myosin filaments
- Function: locomotion, movement of body parts
- Ex: Muscles attached to bones
25
Q
Cardiac Muscle
A
- Branched cells, attached end to end by gap junctions to allow simultaneous contraction of all heart muscle cells.
- Striated
- Function: pump blood within circulatory system
- Ex: Heart wall only
26
Q
Nervous Tissue
A
- Sensory reception and signal transmission.
- Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
- Responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities.
- Plays a major role in emotions, memory, and reasoning
27
Q
Neurons
A
- cells that transmit messages as electrical impulses
28
Q
Neuroglia
A
– cells that protect and support neurons
