Tissues Flashcards
Group of specialized cells and extracellular substances surrounding them
Tissues
It is the Microscopic study of tissue structures
Histology
It is the non cellular substances surrounding the cell
Extracellular Matrix
What are the four primary tissue types
Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue
It is the process of removing tissue samples from patients surgically or with needle for diagnostic purposes
Biopsy
It is a postmortem examination of the organs to determine the cause of death or to study the changes caused by the disease
Autopsy
How long does it take for embryonic stem cells to give rise to a new individual form
13 or 14 Days after Fertilization
What are the two layers that forms a slightly elongated disk
Epiblast
Hypoblast
Cells of the epiblast migrate between the two layers to form what
Germ Layers:
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
It is the inner layer that forms the lining of the digestive tract and its derivatives
Endoderm
It is the middle layer that forms tissue such as muscle, bones, and blood vessels
Mesoderm
It is the outer layer and forms the skin
Ectoderm
It is a portion of the ectoderm where the nervous system can be found
Neuroectoderm
These are a group of cells that break away from the neuroectoderm to give rise to parts of the peripheral nerves, skin pigment cells, etc…
Neural Crest Cells
Characteristics found in most epithelial tissues
Mostly Composed of Cells
Covers Body Surfaces
Has an exposed Surface
Attaches to the Basal Surface
Has Specialized cell connections
Is Avascular
Capable of Regeneration
Examples of body surfaces
Lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts
Heart and blood vessels
Linings of body cavities
What is the exposed epithelial tissue called
Free Surface or Apical
It is the surface of the cells that is anchored to keep it in place
Basal Surface
What is the non cellular material used for the basal surface
Basement Membrane
What are the two layers found in the basement membrane and are only seen by a light microscope
Basal Lamina
Reticular Lamina
The Basal Lamina is subdivided to what layers
Lamina Lucida
Lamina Densa
These are the specialized extracellular materials found in the basement membrane
Collagen
Glycoproteins
Proteoglycans
What is the role of the basement membrane
Supporting and guiding cell migration during tissue repair
This is where epithelial cells attach to each other
Lateral Surface
Functions of the Epithelial Tissue
Protects underlying structures
Acts as a Barrier
Permitting the passage of substances
Secretes substances
Absorbs substances
It consists of a single layer of cells, with each cell extending from the basement membrane to the free surface
Simple Epithelium
It consist of more than one layer of cells, but only the basal layer attaches the deepest layer to the basement membrane
Stratified Epithelium
It is a special type of simple epithelium that consists of one layer with two or more layers of cells
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
It is a special type of stratified epithelium that changes its shape when stretched
Transitional Epithelium
These are flat cells or scale like
Squamous
These are cells that are cube shaped, wide as they are tall
Cuboidal
These cells tend to be taller than they are wide
Columnar
Function of Simple Squamous Epithelium
Diffusion, Filtration, some secretion and protection against friction
Location of the Simple Squamous Epithelium
Lining of blood vessels
Heart
Lymphatic vessels
Alveoli
Kidney Tubules
Function of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Secretion and Absorption by cells of the kidney
Movement of particles embedded in mucus
Location of the Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Kidney Tubules
Glands
Choroid Plexus of the brain
Lining of terminal bronchioles of the lungs
Surfaces of ovaries
Function of the Simple Columnar Epithelium
Movement of Particles out of the bronchioles of the lungs
Movement of Oocytes through the uterine tubes
Secretion of the glands and stomach
Absorption of the intestine
Location of the Simple Columnar Epithelium
Gland and some ducts
Bronchioles of the lungs
Auditory tubes
Uterus
Uterine tubules
Stomach
Intestines
Function of the Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Synthesize and Secretes mucus onto the free surface
Moves fluid that contains particles over the surface
Location of the Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Lining of the Nasal Cavity
Nasal Sinuses
Auditory tubes
Pharynx
Trachea
Bronchi of the lungs
Function of the Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Protects against Abrasion
Forms a barrier against infection
Reduces loss of water
Location of the Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Keratinized (Outer layer of the skin)
NonKeratinized (mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina)
Function of the Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Secretion
Absorption
Protection against Infection
Location of the Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Sweat gland ducts
Ovarian Follicular cells
Salivary gland ducts
Function of the Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Protection
Secretion
Location of the Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Mammary gland ducts
Larynx
Male Urethra
Function of the Transitional Epithelium
Accommodate Fluctuations in the volume of fluid in an organ or tubule
Location of the Transitional Epithelium
Lining of the Urinary Bladder
Ureters
Superior Urethra
It consists of living cells in both the deepest and superficial layers, it is moist
Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
It consists of living cells only in the deepest layer where the superficial layers is composed of dead cells containing protein keratin
Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
It is responsible for synthesizing and secreting large amounts of mucus common to the tissues
Goblet Cells
It is nonmotile and contains microfilaments, they are considered as extensions of the cells that increases surface area
Microvilli
These are cell connection structures that mechanically binds epithelial cells together
Desmosomes
It binds the cells to the basement membrane
Hemidesmosomes
These are cell connection structures that form barriers and anchor cells to each other
Tight Junctions
It is below the tight junction and it helps anchor epithelial cells to each other
Adhesion Belt
It is a small specialized contact region between cells containing protein channels, allowing ions or small molecules to pass from one cell to another
Gap Junctions
It is located in the heart, it contains both gap junctions and desmosomes that help hold adjacent cells
Intercalated disks
Functions of the Connective Tissue
Enclosing and Separating other Tissues
Connecting tissues to one another
Supports movement of parts of the body
Storing Compounds
Cushioning and Insulating
Transporting
Protecting
These are the connective tissue cells that forms the framework of the bone matrix
Osteoblasts
It maintains the framework of the bone matrix
Osteocytes
It breaks down the bone matrix
Osteoclasts
It forms cartilage
Chondroblasts
It maintains cartilage
Chondrocytes
It forms Fibrous Tissue
Fibroblasts
It maintains Fibrous Tissue
Fibrocytes
It contains a large amount of Lipids
Adipocytes or Adipose Cells
This cell contains chemicals such as heparin, histamine, proteolytic enzymes that are released in response to injury like trauma or injury
Mast Cells
It continuously move from blood vessels into connective tissues and the rate of movement increases in response of the injury or infection
White Blood Cells / Leukocytes
It is a type of WBC that are common in some connective tissues in the certain parts of the digestive system
Lymphocytes
It is a type of WBC derived from monocytes, it phagocytizes injured cells and plays a major role in protecting against infection
Macrophages
These are fragments of hematopoietic cells containing enzymes and special proteins that function in the clotting process to reduce bleeding
Platelets
It is a type of Adult Stem Cell that form multiple cell type such as fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells in response to injury
Undifferentiated Mesenchymal Cells
What are the three major components of an Extracellular Matrix
Protein Fibers
Ground Substance (non fibrous proteins and other molecules)
Fluid
Three types of protein fibers
Collagen
Reticular
Elastic
It is synthesized within fibroblasts and secreted in the extracellular space
Collagen
It consists of collagen fibrils that are strong and flexible, like microscopic ropes
Collagen Fibers
These are short thin fibers that branch to form a network, composed of type III collagen
Reticular Fibers
It is a protein that has the ability to return to its original shape after being stretched or compressed
Elastin
This fiber provides the elasticity of the skin, lungs, and arteries
Elastic Fibers
It is for packing, support, and nourishment for the structures, found in muscles or nerves
Areolar Connective Tissue
It is a Packing material, thermal insulator, energy storage, and protection for organs found in subcutaneous areas
Adipose Tissue
It provides a superstructure for lymphatic and hemopoietic tissues, found in the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow
Reticular Tissue
It consists of relatively few protein fibers that form a lacy network, with numerous spaces filled with ground substances and fluid
Loose Connective Tissue
What are the three subdivisions of loose connective tissue
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
It cushions most organs and other tissues it attaches the skin to underlying tissues
Areolar Connective Tissue
It is a form of Adipose tissue that is most abundant, it appears white at birth, it accumulates pigment such as Carotene a source of vitamin A from plants
Yellow Adipose
It is a type of Adipose tissue found in specific areas of the body such as armpits and necks, color is caused by Cytochrome pigments, it generates heat as a result of oxidative metabolism of lipids
Brown Adipose
It produces reticular fibers and serves as the supporting structure of the bone marrow, liver and lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes, and tonsils).
Reticular Tissue
It has a relatively large number of protein fibers, which form thick bundles and fill nearly all of the extracellular spaces
Dense Connective Tissue
Dense Connective Tissue is subdivided into
Dense Regular
Dense Irregular
It has protein fibers in the extracellular matrix that are oriented predominantly in one direction
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
It can withstand great pulling forces exerted in the direction of fiber orientation
Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue
It connects Muscles to bones
Tendons
It connects bones to bones
Ligaments
It is capable of stretching and recoiling like a rubber band with strength
Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue
It has tensile strength capable of withstanding stretching in all directions
Dense Irregular Collagenous Connective Tissue
Capable of Strength with stretching and recoiling in several directions
Dense Irregular Elastic Connective Tissue
It is the surface of nearly all cartilage it is surrounded by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue
Perichondrium
These are the spaces where chondrocytes are located
Lacunae
It allows growth of long bones; provides rigidity with some flexibility, and provides flexible articulating surfaces
Hyaline Cartilage
It is flexible and capable of withstanding considerable pressure, it connects structures subjected to great pressure
Fibrocartilage
It provides rigidity with even more flexibility than hyaline cartilage because it can return to its original shape
Elastic Cartilage
It is a hard connective tissue that consists of living cells and mineralized matrix
Bone
It contains calcium and phosphate, It is the mineral found in the bone inorganic portion that consists of specialized crystals are called
Hydroxyapatite
These cells are located within the holes in the matrix which are called lacunae
Osteocytes / Bone cells
It acts as a scaffolding to provide strength and support without greater weight and compact bone, found in the vertebrae, sternum, pelvis
Spongy Bone
It provides great strength and support, forms a solid outer shell on bones that keeps them from being easily broken or punctured it is found in all outer portions of the bones
Compact Bone
It transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, waste products, and other substances, it protects the body from infections, it is located within blood vessels
Blood
It produces new blood cells (red marrow), and stores lipids (yellow marrow)
Bone Marrow
It is a tissue that forms blood cells
Hematopoietic Tissue
It is a Hematopoietic Tissue surrounded by reticular fibers that produces red and white blood cells
Red Marrow
These are attached to bones, long and cylindrical, multi nucleated, it has striations, and it has voluntary control, it has no ability to contract, it moves the body
Skeletal Muscle
It is found in the heart, cylindrical, single centrally located, it has striations, it is involuntary, it has the ability to contract, it provides the force for moving blood, it has special features like intercalated disks
Cardiac Muscle
It is found in the walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, eyes, glands, skin, it is spindle shaped, is has a single centrally located nucleus, it has no striations, it is involuntary, it has the ability to contract, it provides movement of substances
Smooth Muscle
It is for the movement of the body; under voluntary control
Skeletal Muscle
It pumps the blood involuntarily
Cardiac Muscle
It regulates the size of the organs, forces fluid in tubes, controls the amount of light entering the eye
Smooth Muscle
It is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves it conducts electrical signals
Nervous Tissue
It is what you call the electrical signals conducted by the nervous tissue
Action Potentials
These are the conducting cells of the nervous tissue, it transports electrical signals throughout the body
Neurons
The Neuron is composed of three parts
Cell Body
Dendrites
Axon
It contains the nucleus and is the site of general cell functions
Cell Body
It receives the action potential it is much shorter than the axon and has multiple branches at their end
Dendrites
It usually conducts action potential away from the cell body
Axon
It has multiple dendrites and a single axon
Multipolar neurons
It has a single dendrite and axon
Bipolar neurons
It has only a single, short process that extends from the cell body and divides into two branches
Pseudo-unipolar neurons
It transmits information in the form of action potential, stores information, glia support, protect and forms sheaths around the axon
Multipolar Neuron
It conducts action potential from the periphery to the brain or spinal cord
Pseudo-unipolar neuron
These are support cells of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, it nourish, protects, and insulate neurons
Glia
