Bones to Calcium Homeostasis Flashcards
Functions of the skeletal system
Body Support
Organ Protection
Body Movement
Mineral Storage
Blood Cell Production
What are the three types of cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic Cartilage
It secretes a matrix which surrounds the chondroblasts
Hyaline Cartilage Chondroblasts
It is the result of the matrix surrounding the chondroblasts, these are rounded cells that occupies a space
Chondrocytes
This is the space where chondrocytes can be found
Lacuna
It contains collagen, which provides strength, and proteoglycans, which make cartilage resilient by trapping water
Matrix
It covers most cartilages with a connective tissue sheath, it has a double layer outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue containing fibroblasts
Perichondrium
These are hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints, it has no perichondrium, blood vessels, or nerves
Articular Cartilage
What are the two types of cartilage growth
Appositional Growth
Interstitial Growth
This type of growth the Chondroblasts in the perichondrium adds new cartilage to the outside edge of the existing cartilage
Appositional Growth
This type of growth the Chondrocytes in the center of the tissue divide and add more matrix between the existing cells
Interstitial Growth
The measurement of a mature bone matrix in terms of Organic compounds
35%
The measurement of a mature bone matrix in terms of Inorganic compounds
65%
What are the organic materials found in the bone matrix
Collagen
Proteoglycans
What are the Inorganic materials found in the bone matrix
Hydroxyapatite
What are the three types of bone cells
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes
These are the bone building cells, it produces collagen and proteoglycans, secreted by exocytosis
Osteoblasts
These are high concentrations that reaches a certain level to form hydroxyapatite crystals, secreted by Osteoblasts
Matrix Vesicles
It is the formation of new bone by osteoblasts
Ossification / Osteogenesis
It is the transformation of osteoblasts once it has secreted sufficient bone matrix
Osteocytes
They house the osteocyte cell bodies within the bone matrix
Lacunae
These are the osteocyte cell extensions that are housed in narrow long spaces
Canaliculi
These are the bone destroying cells
Osteoclasts
It is what you call the breakdown of the bone
Bone Reabsorption
These are structures that develop and form a sealed compartment under the osteoclast
Podosomes
The osteoclast plasma membrane then further differentiates into a highly folded form called
Ruffled Border
These are some of the mesenchymal cells that replicates and becomes a more specialized cell type
Stem Cells
This is a type of stem cell that can become osteoblasts or chondroblasts
Osteochondral Progenitor Cells
These are the two types of bone formed during ossification
Woven Bone
Lamellar Bone
It is the first type of bone that osteoblasts form during ossification, it is a fairly weak bone
Woven Bone
It is a mature bone produced by ossification
Lamellar Bone
It is organized into thin, concentric sheets or layers approximately 3-7 micrometers
Lamellae
It consists of interconnecting rods or plates of bone called trabeculae
Spongy Bone
These are the interconnecting rods or plates of bone found in the spongy bone
Trabeculae
It is the solid, outer layer surrounding each bone, it has a matrix denser with fewer pores
Compact Bone
This is the functional unit of the compact bone
Osteon
This is the cross section where an osteon resembles a circular target
Central Canal
It surrounds the central canal which are rings of the bone matrix
Concentric Lamellae
It forms the outer surfaces of the compact bone, which are thin plates that extend around the bone
Circumferential Lamallae
It is between the osteons which are remnants of concentric or circumferential lamallae that were partially removed during bone remodeling
Interstitial Lamallae
It delivers blood to the central canals of the osteon
Perforating Canals
It is the center portion of the long bone, composed primarily of compact bone
Diaphysis
The surrounding hollow center of the long bone is called
Medullary Cavity
The ends of a long bone are called
Epiphyses
It covers the ends of the long bones
Articular Cartilage
It is the pathway for blood vessels and nerves, it is where bone grows in diameter
Periosteum
It is a thin connective tissue membrane lining the inner cavities of bone
Endosteum
It is the Hyaline Cartilage between the diaphysis and epiphysis, its growth allows for bone length growth
Epiphyseal Plate
It is a connective tissue in the spaces of spongy bone or in the medullary cavity, site for blood cell production
Red Marrow
It stores fat within the medullary cavity or in the spaces of spongy bone
Yellow Marrow
They strengthen the attachment of the tendons or ligaments to the bone
Perforating Fibers
It is a single cell layer of connective tissue that lines the internal surface of all cavities within bones
Endosteum
It contains an interior framework of spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of compact bone
Flat Bones
They have a composition similar to the epiphyses of long bones which are compact bone surfaces surrounding a spongy bone center with small spaces for marrow
Short and Irregular Bones
They are within some of the flat and irregular bones of the skull are air filled spaces, they are lined by mucous membranes
Sinuses
What are the two patterns for bone formation in the fetus
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Which pattern starts within embryonic connective tissue membranes
Intramembranous Ossification
Which pattern starts with a cartilage model
Endochondral Ossification
What age does Intramembranosus Ossification begins and completes
8th week of Embryonic Development
2 years of age
It is the locations in the membrane where intramembranous Ossification begins
Centers of Ossification
These are soft spots or the larger membrane covered spaces between a developing skull bones that hasn’t been ossified
Fontanels
What age does Endochondral Ossification begins and completes
8th week of Embryonic Development
18-20 years old
These are produced by Chondroblasts having the approximate shape of the bone that will later be formed
Cartilage Model
The osteoblasts produce compact bones on the surface if the cartilage model and forms a
Bone Collar
What happens when chondrocytes in the center of the cartilage model absorbs some cartilage matrix
Hypertrophy
The chondrocytes also releases matrix vesicles which initiates the formation of Hydroxyapatite Crystals and the cartilage is now called
Calcified Cartilage
It forms as osteoblasts produce bone on the surface of the calcified cartilage
Primary Ossification Center
These are created in the epiphyses by osteoblasts that migrate into the epiphysis
Secondary Ossification Centers
It increases in length because of growth at the epiphyseal plate, the epiphyseal plate separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis
Long Bones
It grows by creating new cartilage in the epiphyseal plate, cartilage calcification and ossification occurs
Long Bones
“The zone of resting cartilage is nearest the epiphysis and contains slowly dividing chondrocytes”
What stage is this in Long Bone Growth
1st Stage
“The chondrocytes in the zone of proliferation produce new cartilage through interstitial cartilage growth, The chondrocytes divide and form columns resembling stacks of plates or coins”
What stage is this in Long Bone Growth
2nd Stage
“In the zone of hypertrophy, the chondrocytes produced in zone of proliferation mature and enlarge”
What stage is this in Long Bone Growth
3rd Stage
“The zone of calcification is very thin and contains hypertrophied chondrocytes and calcified cartilage matrix”
What stage is this in Long Bone Growth
4th Stage
“The osteoblasts line up on the surface of the calcified cartilage and through appositional bone growth, deposit new bone matrix, which is later remodeled”
What stage is this in Long Bone Growth
5th Stage
Epiphyses increase in size because of the growth of the
Articular Cartilage
It increases the size of bones that do not have an epiphysis, such as short bones
Articular Cartilage
Which bone increases its width and the size of thickness because of appositional bone growth beneath the periosteum
Long Bones
It determines the potential size of a bone and an individual’s final adult height
Genetics
These are the factors that can greatly modify the expression of Genetics
Nutrition
Hormones
It is a factor of bone growth that requires chondroblasts and osteoblast proliferation
Nutrition
In this factor any metabolic disorder that affects the rate of cell proliferation or the production of collagen and other matrix components affects bone growth
Nutrition
It is necessary for the normal absorption of calcium from the intestines
Vitamin D
It is caused by insufficient vitamin D, a disease resulting from reduced mineralization of the bone matrix
Rickets
It is caused byLow vitamin D levels, it is the softening of the bones due to calcium depletion
Osteomalacia
It is necessary for osteoblasts to synthesize collagen
Vitamin C
This is caused by Vitamin C deficiency resulting to fewer collagen, which is marked by ulceration and hemorrhage
Scurvy
It increases general tissue growth including overall bone growth from the anterior pituitary
Growth Hormone
It is also required for normal growth of all tissues, including cartilage decrease in this hormone can result in a smaller individual
Thyroid Hormones
It also regulates bone growth Estrogen for female and Testosterone for Male
Reproductive Hormones
It is a process when a bone that becomes old is replaced with new bone, osteoclasts removes the old bone and osteoblasts deposits new bone
Bone Remodeling
This is involved in Bone Remodeling, it is a temporary assembly of osteoclasts and osteoblasts that travels through or across the surface of the bone
Basic Multicellular Unit (BMU)
It can be applied to a bone that can modify the bones strength
Mechanical Stress
These are the mechanics for Modification of the Bone
Remodeling
Formation of Additional Bone
Alteration of trabecular alignment
What are the 5 main categories of bone fractures
- Mechanism of Fracture
- Soft-tissue damage
- Displacement / Non-displacement
- Fracture Pattern
- Number of Fragments in the Fractured bone
What are the 5 types of Fracture
Open Fracture
Displaced Fracture
Spiral Fracture
Comminuted Fracture
Greenstick Fracture
This type of fracture the ends of the fractured bones can be seen through open wounds in the skin
ex: Falls from Standing
location: Tibia, distal radius, Phalanges of the finger
Open Fracture
This type of fracture occurs when the ends of the fractured bone move so that they are no longer aligned
ex: Hard Blow
Location: Radius and Ulna, Tibia and Fibula
Displaced Fracture
This type of Fracture is a helical fracture from twisting of the bone
location: Tibia, Humerus
ex: Arm Wrestling
Spiral Fracture
This type of Fracture is a result of at least three bone fragments
location: Tibia, Radius, Ulna
ex: Weakened bones from a severe accident
Comminuted Fracture
This type of fracture occurs when it breaks on one side and bends on the other side of bone
location: Typical for Children
ex: Falls
Greenstick Fracture
What are the three primary ways for Mechanism of Fracture
Traumatic
Disease / Pathologic
Periprosthetic
What are the two main types of Soft-Tissue Damage
Closed (Stable or Simple)
Open (Compound)
It is a type of Soft-Tissue Damage with no visible damage to the skin and injury site
Closed
It is a type of Soft-Tissue Damage with Visible damage to the skin at the trauma site
Open
What are the two possibilities that exists for the position of the fractured bone ends after the fracture has occurred
Displaced
Non Displaced
It is where the ends of the bones are offset from each other and are not aligned anatomically
Displaced
It is where the ends of the bones remain in anatomical alignment
Non displaced
What are the 5 classifications of a Fracture Pattern
Linear Fracture
Spiral Fracture
Avulsion Fracture
Stress (hairline) Fracture
Compression Fracture
It is a type of fracture pattern that runs parallel to the length of the bone
Linear Fracture
It is a type of fracture pattern that results from twisting of one part of the bone
Spiral Fracture
It is a type of fracture pattern that shows separation of a bone fragment from the rest of the bone
Avulsion Fracture
It is a type of fracture pattern that is an incomplete fracture resulting from over use of the bone
Stress (Hairline) Fracture
It is a type of fracture pattern when the bone collapses; commonly spongy bone, often due to weakening of the bone like osteoporosis
Compression Fracture
It is a Fracture that traverses only part of the bone it has a crack it doesn’t fully breaks
Incomplete Fracture
It is a fracture that completely separates the bone into at least two fragments
Complete Fracture
It is a fracture where bone breaks into multiple fragments
Comminuted Fracture
What are the 4 types of bone repair
Hematoma Formation
Callus Formation
Callus Ossification
Bone Remodeling
It is a localized mass of blood released from blood vessels but confined within an organ or a space
Hematoma
It is a mass of bone tissue that forms at a Fracture site
Callus
It encircles the break and connects the broken ends of the bones
External Callus
It forms between the ends of the broken bone, as well as in the marrow cavity if the fracture occurs in the diaphysis of the long bone
Internal Callus
What are the three processes of Calcium Homeostasis
- Stimulation of Skeletal Muscle contraction
- Stimulation and regulation of cardiac muscle contraction
- Exocytosis of cellular molecules
It is the process where osteoblasts add Calcium to the bone
Bone Deposition
It is the process where osteoclasts remove calcium from the bone
Bone Reabsorption
What are the three hormones that regulates Calcium Homeostasis
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Calcitriol
Calcitonin
It regulates homeostasis where it is essential for the maintenance of blood calcium levels within homeostatic limits
Site of Action: Kidney tubules Bone Cells
PTH - Parathyroid Hormone
It is a regulatory molecule with membranes of osteoblasts and osteocytes
Receptor Activator of Nuclear factor Kappa Ligand (RANKL)
In which Inflammatory signals does the RANKL belongs
Cytokines
The production of RANKL and function are regulated by molecules called
TLR - Toll Like Receptors
It is the receptor for RANKL, located in the plasma membrane of both undifferentiated and differentiated osteoclasts
RANK - Receptor Activator of Nuclear factor Kappa
It is the RANKL decoy receptor which prevents osteoclasts differentiation, it blocks the RANKL from RANKL
Osteoprotegerin
It increases the blood calcium levels, it is a steroid hormone derived from Vitamin D3
Site of Action: Kidney Tubules, Small Intestine Bone Cells
Calcitriol
It is secreted from C cells in the thyroid gland when blood calcium levels are too high and rapidly lowers it
Site of Action: Bone Cells
Calcitonin
It is a bacterial infection of the bone
Osteomyelitis
It is a condition that may be malignant or benign and cause a range of bone defects
Tumors
It is the abnormally increased body size due to excessive growth at the epiphyseal plates
Gigantism
It is the abnormally small body size due to improper growth at the epiphyseal plates
Dwarfism
It is an inherited bone disorder that is present at birth also known as brittle bone diseases
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
