Tissues Flashcards
General characteristics of epithelial tissue
Tightly packed cells, no space in between
What is the apical surface of epithelial tissue?
The free Edge of the cell
What is the basal surface of epithelial tissue?
The bottom of the cell
Attached to the underlying tissues
What do all types of epithelial tissue rest on
A basement membrane
Define basal lamina on a basement membrane
Secreted by the epithelial cells
Cells are attached by a cell junction called a hemidesmosome
Define hemidesmosome
A type of cell junction
What is the reticular layer on a basement membrane?
Made of collagen
Attaches the epithelial cells to the tissues beneath
Define avascular
Lacks a direct blood supply
Some examples of the functions of epithelial tissue
Filtration
Excretion
Secretion
Absorption
Diffusion
Does epithelial tissue have a high or low rate of mitosis?
High rate of mitosis
What are the three types of the arrangement of cells of epithelial tissue?
simple
Pseudostratified
Stratified
What are the characteristics of a simple arrangement of epithelial cells?
One layer of epithelial cells
Very thin
What is the characteristics of pseudostratified epithelial cells?
They may or may not have this
One layer of cells that appear to be many layers
May or may not have cilia
What are the physical characteristics of stratified epithelial cells?
More than two layers of cells
What are the four shapes of epithelial cells and what are they characterized by?
Squamous thin flat irregular cells
Cuboidal. Have between 5 and 12 sides
Cube-shaped
Have centrally located nucleus that is very large
Columnar taller than they are wide
Small nucleus at one end or the other
Transitional dome-shaped when stretched
What are the function of simple squamous epithelial tissue
What can it not withstand?
Cannot withstand abrasions
Functions in filtration or diffusion
What does simple squamous endothelium tissue line
It lines the heart and blood vessels
Where is simple? Squamous mesothelium tissue located
The body cavities
What are other locations besides the linings of simple squamous epithelial tissue
Kidneys for filtration
Lungs for exchange of O2 and CO2
Covering organs
What are the characteristics of simple cuboidal cells and where are they located?
One layer of cube shaped cells
Function in absorption and secretion
Found in the kidney tubules and glands
What helps to increase the absorption or secretion of non-ciliated simple columnar?
They have microvilli to increase the surface area for absorption
What are goblet cells?
Where are they located
Goblet cells produce mucus
They are located in the male and female reproductive systems
Respiratory system
Lining the digestive tract
They are typically located in between regular simple columnar cells
What is the description, function, and location of ciliated simple columnar cells?
What other cells may be present with them?
Ciliated simple columnar cells have cilia on the apical surface and may have goblet cells
They move material across the cell’s surface
They are located in the airways of the respiratory tract and Fallopian tubes
What is a description of function of and location of pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells?
What other types of cells may be present with them?
They are falsely layered columnar cells
Cilia and goblet cells may be present
They function in movement across the cell surface or mucus production
They are located in the ducts of the male reproductive system and respiratory tracts
What is a description of stratified squamous cells
There are several layers of thin flat stratified cells
the basal cells of stratified squamous
How often are they in mitosis?
What direction do they take?
And what eventually happens to them?
Cells that are in continuous mitosis
New cells are pushed upward which takes them away from the blood supply line
Once they are too far from the blood supply they die
What are the features and location of keratinized stratified squamous
These cells contain the protein keratin
Keratin is a waterproofing
The only location is the skin
Features and locations of non-keratinized stratified squamous cells
They are internal so they don’t need keratin
Protect surrounding tissues
Found in esophagus large and small intestine and vagina
Features and 3 locations of stratified cuboidal cells
They function in protection and limited secretion and absorption
They are found in the sweat gland seminiferous tubules in men and male urethra
Function and location of transitional epithelial cells
They are modified stratified squamous cells
They are dome-shaped
Their function is to stretch
They are found in the bladder ureters and umbilical cord
What does ECM stand for
Extracellular matrix
What is the extracellular matrix
What is it made of?
What consistency can it be?
It is a non-living material between cells made of ground material and proteins fibers
It can be a solid a liquid or a gel
What is the most abundant tissue in the body?
The extracellular matrix
Is the extracellular matrix usually found on body surfaces
No
Where is the extracellular matrix vascular and where is it not?
It is highly vascular except for cartilage and tendons
What are mesenchymal connective tissue cells?
embryonic cells
Will form all connective tissue in the body
In connective tissue what is a blast versus a cyte?
A blast is an immature cell that can make something
A cyte is a mature cell
In connective tissue what are fibroblasts and what do they make?
Immature cells that make protein fibers
In connective tissue what are adipocytes and what do they store?
Adipose cells
They store triglycerides
In connective tissue what are mastocytes?
Sells the release histamines during an allergic reaction
What symptoms do histamines cause?
Runny nose and watery eyes in an allergic reaction
In connective tissue what are leukocytes?
White blood cells
Part of your immune system
In connective tissue what are macrophages and what are the two types?
They can be fixed or wandering?
They are a large cell capable of phagocytosis
The fixed cells stay in one place
The wandering cells travel to the side of an infection
In connective tissue what are plasmacytes
They develop from white blood cells
Produce antibodies
What is ground substance from the extracellular matrix made of?
In some tissues, why does the ECM create a gel consistency?
Organic materials such as polysaccharides or polypeptides
In some tissues these organics attract water creating a gel consistency
What is hyaluronic acid and where is it found
It is part of the extracellular matrix
It provides a slippery surface around joints and is also found in the eyes
What is chondroitin sulfate and where is it found 4 places
It is extracellular matrix
And is found in cartilage bone skin and vessels
What is chondroitin sulfate made of when it is used as a supplement?
Shark cartilage
What are the three types of protein fibers?
Collagen
Elastic
Reticular
What are collagen protein fibers made from
They are made from the protein collagen
Which is the strongest soft tissue in the body
What are elastic protein fibers made from
What is their ability to stretch and recoil?
They are made from the elastin protein
They can stretch and recoil up to 150 times their normal length
What are reticular protein fibers made from?
What are they shaped like?
They are thin, fine, branched (spider web-like)
Made of collagen
When is embryonic connective tissue formed
In the first two months of gestation
What is mesenchyme?
Embryonic connective tissue made of reticular fibers and a gel matrix
Will form the majority of connective tissue during development
What is mucoid or Wharton’s jelly?
Messenchyme found in the umbilical cord
What does areolar look like and what does it contain
It looks like strings
It contains all three types of fibers
What three types of cells does areolar contain?
Macrophages
Mastocytes
Fibroblasts
What is the role of fibroblasts in areolar connective tissue?
They create the fibers
Where is areolar found two places
The subcutaneous layer of skin meaning the deepest layer
The framework or stroma of organs?
What does the aerolar anchor
Organs into place and framework of organs( stroma)
How does the shape of adipocytes change from the time you were young as you age
Adipocytes are star-shaped while you’re young but change as they increased their storage of triglycerides to become round
What is the function of adipose connective tissue
Stores triglycerides for energy
Pads
Protects
Insulates
What does an increase in adipocytes do to blood vessels?
It causes an increase in the number of blood vessels needed to supply the new tissue
For every 2 lb you gain you get 400 mi of new blood vessels
What is brown adipose tissue and where is it found?
It is found in infants
Their blood vessels pass through their adipose making it appear Brown
It is used to help the baby maintain body temperature by insulating the blood vessels
What is reticular connective tissue made of
reticular fibers and reticular cells
What is the function of reticular connective tissue
What does it form?
It forms the stroma of organs responsible for the production and removal of blood cells
It filters bacteria out of the blood and lymph
Where is reticular connective tissue found
The liver spleen lymph nodes and matrix
What is dense regular connective tissue made of and what is its function and locations
It is made of parallel bundles of collagen fibers
It functions in strength
It is located in the tendons and ligaments
What is dense irregular connective tissue made of?
What is its function
And where is it located?
It is made of irregular bundles of collagen fibers
It can withstand pulling in multiple directions
It is located in the dermis. (Second layer of skin) Perichondrium( around cartilage)
Periosteum (around bones)
Pericardium (around heart)
Heart valves
What is elastic connective tissue made of?
What is its function
What are its locations?
It is made of branching elastic fibers
It’s function is to stretch and recoil
Its locations are air sacs of the lungs and large airways
What is cartilage made of
Collagen and or elastic fibers in a gel matrix
It’s rubbery
What is your perichondrium?
A dense irregular covering
Define a vascular
Lacking a good blood supply
Is cartilage avascular or vascular
A vascular
Why is cartilage avascular
Due to the production of ant i-angionesis Factor which prevents the formation of blood vessels
What type of nerve supply does cartilage have
No nerves except in the pericondrium
What is the most abundant but weakest type of cartilage?
Hyaline
Where is hyaline cartilage made of
What is its function?
Where are its locations
Numerous chondrocytes in lacuna
Provides a slippery service at your joints and reduces friction
Located in the fetal skeleton
Anterior ribs
Larynx. (Voice box)
Trachea
bronchi
What are chondrocytes before they are mature?
They are contrablasts until they are surrounded by The matrix. They are secreting
Define lacunae
Space?
What is fiberoCartilage
What is its function?
And where it’s locations
It is chondrocytes scattered between collagen fibers
It is the strongest cartilage
It functions as a shock absorber
It is located in the intervertebral discs pubic symphysis and meniscus in the knee
What is elastic? Cartilage made of
Where is it located
And what is its function
It is chondrocyte in elastic fibers
It functions in elasticity( stretching and recoiling)
It is located in the auricles eustachian tubes and smaller airways
Define auricles
Ear flaps
What are the four protective areas of bone
The cranium protects the brain
The ribs and sternum protect the heart and lungs
The pelvis protects the internal reproductive organs
The spine protects the spinal cord
What is stored in the bones including minerals and their function
98% of your calcium and phosphorus
Red marrow
Yellow marrow
Capable of hemopoiesis and protection
Where are osteons found
In compact bone
What does calcium do for bones
It makes your bones hard
What is the lamella
It is the matrix in rings of an osteon
Specifically, where is an osteocyte found and what is it?
It is a mature bone cell in lacunae
It is found in The matrix of an osteon
What is the function of a canaliculi?
It carries blood from a central canal to each bone cell in an osteon
What are trabeculae?
The spikes on spongy bone
What are the spaces between the trabeiculae filled with and what do they produce
They are filled with red marrow and produce all your blood cells
What is your blood plasma?
It is the matrix of your blood
The non-living material between cells
It is a liquid
What are erythrocytes and what are their features and function?
They are red blood cells
They carry gases
And they are a nucleate
What are leukocytes and what are their features and functions
They are white blood cells
There are five types that all function in immunity
They have a nucleus
What are thrombocytes and what are their features and functions
They are platelets
They are components responsible for clotting your blood
They are very tiny
What is the cell name for muscle tissue
Myocytes
What is the function of muscle tissue?
Movement
Thermoregulation
Posture
Where is the location of skeletal muscle?
What are its features?
And what is its function
It is located on Bones
It is striated, which is created by the proteins inside the cell
It is voluntary and functions in contraction
What is cardiac muscle? What is its location? What is its function?
It is located in the heart
It is striated and has branches
It is involuntary
It has intercalated discs and it is autorhythmic
Inter what are intercalated discs
They are tiny bands
They are the junction where two cardiac cells meet end to end
Define autorhythmic
The heart generates its own electrical impulses
What are the features of smooth muscle? What is its function and where are its locations?
It lines the insides of hollow organs and body cavities
It is involuntary
There are no striations or discs
Its function is peristalsis which are wave-like contractions
What do neurons respond to
Stimuli creating an action potential which means making electricity
What does the cell body of a neuron consist of?
The Soma which is the main body and contains the nucleus
The Soma has no centrioles and no ability to perform mitosis
The dendrites which are numerous branched and receive stimulation. They look like the hair on top of the Soma
The axon there is one per neuron and it sends stimulation to the next cell
What are neuroglia also known as glial cells?
There are five types and they all function in supporting the central nervous system
What happens to your fibers as you age
They lose elasticity and lack the ability to recoil meaning they stretch but won’t go back
What happens to collagen fibers as you age?
They decrease in number and as the fibers break down you get wrinkles
What happens to arteries as you age
They lose their elasticity and increase production of plaque
