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Bio 201 > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

General characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

Tightly packed cells, no space in between

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2
Q

What is the apical surface of epithelial tissue?

A

The free Edge of the cell

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3
Q

What is the basal surface of epithelial tissue?

A

The bottom of the cell
Attached to the underlying tissues

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4
Q

What do all types of epithelial tissue rest on

A

A basement membrane

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5
Q

Define basal lamina on a basement membrane

A

Secreted by the epithelial cells
Cells are attached by a cell junction called a hemidesmosome

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6
Q

Define hemidesmosome

A

A type of cell junction

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7
Q

What is the reticular layer on a basement membrane?

A

Made of collagen
Attaches the epithelial cells to the tissues beneath

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8
Q

Define avascular

A

Lacks a direct blood supply

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9
Q

Some examples of the functions of epithelial tissue

A

Filtration
Excretion
Secretion
Absorption
Diffusion

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10
Q

Does epithelial tissue have a high or low rate of mitosis?

A

High rate of mitosis

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11
Q

What are the three types of the arrangement of cells of epithelial tissue?

A

simple
Pseudostratified
Stratified

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of a simple arrangement of epithelial cells?

A

One layer of epithelial cells
Very thin

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13
Q

What is the characteristics of pseudostratified epithelial cells?

They may or may not have this

A

One layer of cells that appear to be many layers
May or may not have cilia

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14
Q

What are the physical characteristics of stratified epithelial cells?

A

More than two layers of cells

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15
Q

What are the four shapes of epithelial cells and what are they characterized by?

A

Squamous thin flat irregular cells

Cuboidal. Have between 5 and 12 sides
Cube-shaped
Have centrally located nucleus that is very large

Columnar taller than they are wide
Small nucleus at one end or the other

Transitional dome-shaped when stretched

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16
Q

What are the function of simple squamous epithelial tissue

What can it not withstand?

A

Cannot withstand abrasions
Functions in filtration or diffusion

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17
Q

What does simple squamous endothelium tissue line

A

It lines the heart and blood vessels

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18
Q

Where is simple? Squamous mesothelium tissue located

A

The body cavities

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19
Q

What are other locations besides the linings of simple squamous epithelial tissue

A

Kidneys for filtration
Lungs for exchange of O2 and CO2
Covering organs

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of simple cuboidal cells and where are they located?

A

One layer of cube shaped cells
Function in absorption and secretion
Found in the kidney tubules and glands

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21
Q

What helps to increase the absorption or secretion of non-ciliated simple columnar?

A

They have microvilli to increase the surface area for absorption

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22
Q

What are goblet cells?
Where are they located

A

Goblet cells produce mucus
They are located in the male and female reproductive systems
Respiratory system
Lining the digestive tract
They are typically located in between regular simple columnar cells

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23
Q

What is the description, function, and location of ciliated simple columnar cells?

What other cells may be present with them?

A

Ciliated simple columnar cells have cilia on the apical surface and may have goblet cells

They move material across the cell’s surface

They are located in the airways of the respiratory tract and Fallopian tubes

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24
Q

What is a description of function of and location of pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells?

What other types of cells may be present with them?

A

They are falsely layered columnar cells
Cilia and goblet cells may be present

They function in movement across the cell surface or mucus production

They are located in the ducts of the male reproductive system and respiratory tracts

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25
What is a description of stratified squamous cells
There are several layers of thin flat stratified cells
26
the basal cells of stratified squamous How often are they in mitosis? What direction do they take? And what eventually happens to them?
Cells that are in continuous mitosis New cells are pushed upward which takes them away from the blood supply line Once they are too far from the blood supply they die
27
What are the features and location of keratinized stratified squamous
These cells contain the protein keratin Keratin is a waterproofing The only location is the skin
28
Features and locations of non-keratinized stratified squamous cells
They are internal so they don't need keratin Protect surrounding tissues Found in esophagus large and small intestine and vagina
29
Features and 3 locations of stratified cuboidal cells
They function in protection and limited secretion and absorption They are found in the sweat gland seminiferous tubules in men and male urethra
30
Function and location of transitional epithelial cells
They are modified stratified squamous cells They are dome-shaped Their function is to stretch They are found in the bladder ureters and umbilical cord
31
What does ECM stand for
Extracellular matrix
32
What is the extracellular matrix What is it made of? What consistency can it be?
It is a non-living material between cells made of ground material and proteins fibers It can be a solid a liquid or a gel
33
What is the most abundant tissue in the body?
The extracellular matrix
34
Is the extracellular matrix usually found on body surfaces
No
35
Where is the extracellular matrix vascular and where is it not?
It is highly vascular except for cartilage and tendons
36
What are mesenchymal connective tissue cells?
embryonic cells Will form all connective tissue in the body
37
In connective tissue what is a blast versus a cyte?
A blast is an immature cell that can make something A cyte is a mature cell
38
In connective tissue what are fibroblasts and what do they make?
Immature cells that make protein fibers
39
In connective tissue what are adipocytes and what do they store?
Adipose cells They store triglycerides
40
In connective tissue what are mastocytes?
Sells the release histamines during an allergic reaction
41
What symptoms do histamines cause?
Runny nose and watery eyes in an allergic reaction
42
In connective tissue what are leukocytes?
White blood cells Part of your immune system
43
In connective tissue what are macrophages and what are the two types?
They can be fixed or wandering? They are a large cell capable of phagocytosis The fixed cells stay in one place The wandering cells travel to the side of an infection
44
In connective tissue what are plasmacytes
They develop from white blood cells Produce antibodies
45
What is ground substance from the extracellular matrix made of? In some tissues, why does the ECM create a gel consistency?
Organic materials such as polysaccharides or polypeptides In some tissues these organics attract water creating a gel consistency
46
What is hyaluronic acid and where is it found
It is part of the extracellular matrix It provides a slippery surface around joints and is also found in the eyes
47
What is chondroitin sulfate and where is it found 4 places
It is extracellular matrix And is found in cartilage bone skin and vessels
48
What is chondroitin sulfate made of when it is used as a supplement?
Shark cartilage
49
What are the three types of protein fibers?
Collagen Elastic Reticular
50
What are collagen protein fibers made from
They are made from the protein collagen Which is the strongest soft tissue in the body
51
What are elastic protein fibers made from What is their ability to stretch and recoil?
They are made from the elastin protein They can stretch and recoil up to 150 times their normal length
52
What are reticular protein fibers made from? What are they shaped like?
They are thin, fine, branched (spider web-like) Made of collagen
53
When is embryonic connective tissue formed
In the first two months of gestation
54
What is mesenchyme?
Embryonic connective tissue made of reticular fibers and a gel matrix Will form the majority of connective tissue during development
55
What is mucoid or Wharton's jelly?
Messenchyme found in the umbilical cord
56
What does areolar look like and what does it contain
It looks like strings It contains all three types of fibers
57
What three types of cells does areolar contain?
Macrophages Mastocytes Fibroblasts
58
What is the role of fibroblasts in areolar connective tissue?
They create the fibers
59
Where is areolar found two places
The subcutaneous layer of skin meaning the deepest layer The framework or stroma of organs?
60
What does the aerolar anchor
Organs into place and framework of organs( stroma)
61
How does the shape of adipocytes change from the time you were young as you age
Adipocytes are star-shaped while you're young but change as they increased their storage of triglycerides to become round
62
What is the function of adipose connective tissue
Stores triglycerides for energy Pads Protects Insulates
63
What does an increase in adipocytes do to blood vessels?
It causes an increase in the number of blood vessels needed to supply the new tissue For every 2 lb you gain you get 400 mi of new blood vessels
64
What is brown adipose tissue and where is it found?
It is found in infants Their blood vessels pass through their adipose making it appear Brown It is used to help the baby maintain body temperature by insulating the blood vessels
65
What is reticular connective tissue made of
reticular fibers and reticular cells
66
What is the function of reticular connective tissue What does it form?
It forms the stroma of organs responsible for the production and removal of blood cells It filters bacteria out of the blood and lymph
67
Where is reticular connective tissue found
The liver spleen lymph nodes and matrix
68
What is dense regular connective tissue made of and what is its function and locations
It is made of parallel bundles of collagen fibers It functions in strength It is located in the tendons and ligaments
69
What is dense irregular connective tissue made of? What is its function And where is it located?
It is made of irregular bundles of collagen fibers It can withstand pulling in multiple directions It is located in the dermis. (Second layer of skin) Perichondrium( around cartilage) Periosteum (around bones) Pericardium (around heart) Heart valves
70
What is elastic connective tissue made of? What is its function What are its locations?
It is made of branching elastic fibers It's function is to stretch and recoil Its locations are air sacs of the lungs and large airways
71
What is cartilage made of
Collagen and or elastic fibers in a gel matrix It's rubbery
72
What is your perichondrium?
A dense irregular covering
73
Define a vascular
Lacking a good blood supply
74
Is cartilage avascular or vascular
A vascular
75
Why is cartilage avascular
Due to the production of ant i-angionesis Factor which prevents the formation of blood vessels
76
What type of nerve supply does cartilage have
No nerves except in the pericondrium
77
What is the most abundant but weakest type of cartilage?
Hyaline
78
Where is hyaline cartilage made of What is its function? Where are its locations
Numerous chondrocytes in lacuna Provides a slippery service at your joints and reduces friction Located in the fetal skeleton Anterior ribs Larynx. (Voice box) Trachea bronchi
79
What are chondrocytes before they are mature?
They are contrablasts until they are surrounded by The matrix. They are secreting
80
Define lacunae
Space?
81
What is fiberoCartilage What is its function? And where it's locations
It is chondrocytes scattered between collagen fibers It is the strongest cartilage It functions as a shock absorber It is located in the intervertebral discs pubic symphysis and meniscus in the knee
82
What is elastic? Cartilage made of Where is it located And what is its function
It is chondrocyte in elastic fibers It functions in elasticity( stretching and recoiling) It is located in the auricles eustachian tubes and smaller airways
83
Define auricles
Ear flaps
84
What are the four protective areas of bone
The cranium protects the brain The ribs and sternum protect the heart and lungs The pelvis protects the internal reproductive organs The spine protects the spinal cord
85
What is stored in the bones including minerals and their function
98% of your calcium and phosphorus Red marrow Yellow marrow Capable of hemopoiesis and protection
86
Where are osteons found
In compact bone
87
What does calcium do for bones
It makes your bones hard
88
What is the lamella
It is the matrix in rings of an osteon
89
Specifically, where is an osteocyte found and what is it?
It is a mature bone cell in lacunae It is found in The matrix of an osteon
90
What is the function of a canaliculi?
It carries blood from a central canal to each bone cell in an osteon
91
What are trabeculae?
The spikes on spongy bone
92
What are the spaces between the trabeiculae filled with and what do they produce
They are filled with red marrow and produce all your blood cells
93
What is your blood plasma?
It is the matrix of your blood The non-living material between cells It is a liquid
94
What are erythrocytes and what are their features and function?
They are red blood cells They carry gases And they are a nucleate
95
What are leukocytes and what are their features and functions
They are white blood cells There are five types that all function in immunity They have a nucleus
96
What are thrombocytes and what are their features and functions
They are platelets They are components responsible for clotting your blood They are very tiny
97
What is the cell name for muscle tissue
Myocytes
98
What is the function of muscle tissue?
Movement Thermoregulation Posture
99
Where is the location of skeletal muscle? What are its features? And what is its function
It is located on Bones It is striated, which is created by the proteins inside the cell It is voluntary and functions in contraction
100
What is cardiac muscle? What is its location? What is its function?
It is located in the heart It is striated and has branches It is involuntary It has intercalated discs and it is autorhythmic
101
Inter what are intercalated discs
They are tiny bands They are the junction where two cardiac cells meet end to end
102
Define autorhythmic
The heart generates its own electrical impulses
103
What are the features of smooth muscle? What is its function and where are its locations?
It lines the insides of hollow organs and body cavities It is involuntary There are no striations or discs Its function is peristalsis which are wave-like contractions
104
What do neurons respond to
Stimuli creating an action potential which means making electricity
105
What does the cell body of a neuron consist of?
The Soma which is the main body and contains the nucleus The Soma has no centrioles and no ability to perform mitosis The dendrites which are numerous branched and receive stimulation. They look like the hair on top of the Soma The axon there is one per neuron and it sends stimulation to the next cell
106
What are neuroglia also known as glial cells?
There are five types and they all function in supporting the central nervous system
107
What happens to your fibers as you age
They lose elasticity and lack the ability to recoil meaning they stretch but won't go back
108
What happens to collagen fibers as you age?
They decrease in number and as the fibers break down you get wrinkles
109
What happens to arteries as you age
They lose their elasticity and increase production of plaque

Bio 201 (8 decks)

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