Lisas Oral Review Exam 3 Flashcards
Define lipofusion and autophagy
Lipofusion the metabolic waste product of neurons from autophagy which is replacing worn out organelles
What type of glial cell forms Myelination in the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
What type of glial cell forms myelination in the pns?
Schwann sells
What type of glial cell lines the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord to circulate CSF
Ependymal cells
What is visceral as compared to somatic
Visceral are involuntary structures. (Autonomic)
Somatic are voluntary structures (skeletal)
What is the difference between the choroid plexus and the arachnoid villi
The chloride plexus is a capillary Network in each ventricle from which plasma is taken which is now called CSF fluid
The arachnoid Villa or extensions of the arachnoid layer that absorb the CSF and add it to the circulating blood now forming plasma
What is the difference between continuous and saltatory conduction
saltatory conduction is faster because they have myelinated axons so the axon has to depolarize fewer times and fires with greater strength
Length of the spinal cord
17 in
What are the bumps out on the spinal cord
Cervical and lumbar enlargements. They are crowded areas where nerves goes up and down to appendages
Cervical supplies the upper appendages
Lumber supplies the lower appendages
What is the fanning out of nerves at the bottom of the spinal cord and what is the nerve that is right at the bottom middle of the cauda equina?
cauda equina
And the terminal filum it is a strand of connective tissue that anchors the cord to your coccyx( tailbone)
What type of cells cause brain tumors, neurons or neuroglia
Neuroglia because they can perform mitosis
There are seven cervical vertebrae but eight cervical nerves. How does that work out
The first cervical nerve comes out between the skull and the first cervical vertebrae
What is ACH?
A neurotransmitter called Acetylcholine made of acetic acid and choline any synapse that uses ACH is called a cholinergic synapse
What is norepinephrine?
A. Neurotransmitter that is Half of adrenaline and is released during fight or flight
What are endorphins
A. Neuropeptide neurotransmitter that is your body’s natural pain reliever
Comes from exercise or sex
What are gaba?
A. Neurotransmitter called an amino acid
Stands for gamma aminobutyric acid
It is inhibitory meaning it slows things down
Does the presynaptic or postsynaptic neuron release the neurotransmitter?
The presynaptic neuron does
What are the four characteristics of a neurotransmitter
Chemical must be produced by a presynaptic neuron
It must be released in response to stimulation
It must bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell
It must alter the physiology. (Function) Of the postsynaptic cell
What are the steps of the ark reflex
The sensory receptor’s responds to stimulation
The impulse travels to the gray matter of the cord
The synapse between the sensory and motor impulses
The impulse travels out of the CNS to the effector
The body responds to stimulation
What are internodes versus nodes of ranvier?
Internal to the myelinated areas on a myelinated neuron
The nodes of ranvier are the spaces in between the internodes
When a segment of an axon depolarizes it will be polarized until it reaches the minimum amount needed to fire. What is that called
Threshold
What do you call the nerve that supplies the diaphragm
The phrenic nerve
What is the difference between the epineurium perineurium and the endonurium
The epineurium is the connective tissue around the entire nerve?
The perineurium is the layer of connective tissue that surrounds each fascicle inside the epineurrium
The endoneurmium wraps around each axon of which there is many in each fascicle
A. Fascicle is a bundle of axons
What are the clumps of rough ER in a neuron
Nissl bodies
What plexus gives you the axillary nerve?
The brachial plexus
What do you call the crossing over that some spinal nerves do and the optic nerves?
Decussation
At resting potential, where are the sodium and potassium in relation to the neuron?
The sodium is outside of the axon. The potassium is inside of the axon
And they switch places until threshold is reached
Which nerves have a chance of regeneration? The peripheral nerves or the cranial spinal nerves and why?
The peripheral nerves
The Schwann cells form a regeneration tube with a neurolemma on the outside layer
What is a neurolemia?
The last wrapping of organelles on a Schwann cell as it wraps around an axon and forms a regeneration tube
What are the three ways to remove neurotransmitters?
They need to be removed because they are left over when you stop a movement
Diffusion moves from the synaptic cleft
The neurotransmitter is dissolved by astrocytes
Reuptake neurotransmitter is taken back and recycled by the cell that released it
Degradation acetylcholinesterase aChase breaks down ACH acetylcholine while it is still in the synaptic cleft
What do you call the outer covering of gray matter over the brain
The cortex
What do you call the cell membrane of an axon
Axolema
Are myelinated nerves white or gray
White
What do you call the capillaries that allow plasma to seep into your CNS?
The choroid plexus
What cells form the blood-brain barrier?
Astrocytes
The only type of substances that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier are what
Lipid soluble substances
Which part of a neuron receives an impulse and which part of a neuron sends it out
The dendrites receive it and the terminal ends down to the synaptic vesicles in the synaptic knobs off the terminal branches. Send it out
Which is deeper on the cross section of a cord. The anterior median fissure or the? Posterior median sulcus
The anterior median fissure
Why are brain tumors caused by glial cells?
Because they are the only ones that can perform mitosis
What do you call the group or classification of neurotransmitters? Made of tyrosine
Catecholamines
What do you call it when the spinal cord tapers to a point?
Medullary cone
What is the space between the arachnoid and the pia mater are called?
Subarachnoid space
In a reflex what connects incoming sensory to outgoing motor?
Interneurons or association neuron
In a spinal tap they take out cerebral spinal fluid from what space in the body
The subarachnoid space
What do you call your body’s natural pain reliever
Endorphins
What do you call the place where the axon attaches to the Soma of a neuron
The axon hillock
What are nerves that begin on one side of the body with their destination on the other side?
Contralateral nerves
Which one of the meninges adheres directly to the brain and spinal cord?
Pia mater
What do dorsal and ventral Rami form as they merge repeatedly to form a web of nerves?
The nerve plexuses
When a sensory impulse goes into the spinal cord, does it take the anterior route or the posterior route
The anterior route
