Tissues Flashcards
What are some different routes of proteins within the cell?
ER-> Golgi-> vesicles -> out of cell /// MITROCHONDRIAL PROTEIN= 1. TOM receptor on outside binds to signal sequence allowing precursor protein into cell via TIM receptor on inner membrane 2. protein folds up and peptidase cleaves signal sequence producing mature mitochondrial protein
What are some basic structures found within a cell?
nuclear envelope/ vesicle/ lysosome/ ribosome/ gogi/ ER/ plasma membrane / cytosol/ endosomes/ mitochondria / vesicles
what are the main components of the cytoskeleton and their function?
microfilaments - movement // microtubules - transport // intermediate filaments - strength and stability
What are some cell structures designed for transport?
vesicles - often use neurotransmitter or ionic interaction to control release
Where are their more transporters within the membrane ? Why?
more in apical than basal membrane a most uptake more then release as some ions are used by the cell
How does Botox work?
prevents the fusion of vesicle within membrane preventing the release of acetylcholine and therefore preventing any response// USUALLY 1. vesicle contains neurotransmitter / 2. v -SNARE on vesicle binds with t-SNARE on target membrane 3. vesicle becomes in contact with membrane 4. neurotransmitter is released
Outline the role of microtubules in intracellular transport
motor proteins using energy move to the positive (growing) end of the microtubule from thenegative (capped end) carrying proteins which are needed to be trasnported
What are the three types of muscle tissue and how do they vary in location and function?
CARDIAC - heart // wide and short // branched cylindrical, allowing many muscles to contract at one time . // straited // 1 centrally located nuclei and 1 within intercalated discs
SMOOTH - blood vessel // narrow and medium length // fusiform , bulge in the middle with tapering ends // non-straited // 1 centrally located nuclei
SKELETAL - attached to bones // long and wide// long cylindrical// straited// many peripherally located nuclei
What are the main properties of muscle tissue?
Tightly packed and well-vascularised// Excitability - Ability to receive and respond to stimuli // Close relationship with surrounding CT // Contractility // Extensibility - Stretch without damage // Elasticity
Define the 4 main categories of muscle diseases.
MYOPATHY = abnormal condition//
DYSTROPHY= progressive degeneration//
NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE= condition affecting any part of the motor unit//
METABOLIC MYPOATHIES = defects in a stage of muscle ATP metabolism //
INFLMATORY MYOPATHIES = chronic muscle inflammation and weakness
What is fascia?
Connective tissue which surrounds muscles
What is the difference between proximal and distal muscle groups?
proximal = larger muscle groups e.g. in upper arms and legs // distal = smaller muscle groups e.g. hand and wrist
Outline the autonomics organisation of the nervous system.
- CNS -> brain and spinal cord
- PNS -> cranial nerves and spinal nerves
Describe properties of neurones and relate these to their function.
Irritability(picks up sensory info and creates chemical changes ) // receptors // conductivity (electrical signals can travel along the membrane )// longevity // high metabolic rate (need constant supply of oxygen and glucose)
Describe the categories and properties of glial cells of the CNS.
ASTROCYTES - maintain chemical environment by forming a physical barrier between neurones and blood + provide structural support// MICROGANGLIA - protects CNS by phagocytosis of invading microbes // EPENDYMAL - forms CSF which delivers nutrients and protects the brain//OLIDENDROCYTES - provides structural support and myelinated sheath over multiple neurones at once
Outline the roles of glial cells within the nervous system?
providing support for neurons, glial cells aid in the maintenance of homeostasis, and form myelin
Relate the properties of nervous tissues to disorders within the nervous system.
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS - progression destruction of myelin sheaths in CNS affecting speech, vision and balance // GUILLIAN BARRE SYNDROME - Macrophages strip mYELIN from axons in PNS
What is the basic structure of epithelium tissue?
Tight cohesive sheet// covers and protect surfaces // line internal cavities and vessels // forms glandular structures // form barriers // combines nervous tissue to make special senses
What are the different classifications of epithelial cells based of the number of layers and their characteristics?
SIMPLE -> single layer / good for absorption and secretion/ fragile /// STRATIFIED -> 2 or more layers of cells / good for protection// PSEUDOSTARTIFIED -> One layer of mixture of cell shapes
What are some functions of the epithelial cells?
Protect underlying structures // permitting the passage of some substances through it// barrier to prevent many substances from moving through it // secreting substances // provide sensations
What are some characteristics of epithelial tissues ?
highly cellular // epithelial cells bind to each other // epithelial tissue is avascular (no blood cells) // capable of regeneration
What are the different classifications based on the shape of epithelial cells and their characteristics?
SQUAMOUS-> flat shaped // CUBOIDAL -> cube squared // COLUMAR -> tall cylindrical shape // TRANSITIONAL -> readily change shape , accommodates stretches
What is the effect of smocking on epithelial tissues?
Destroys columnar epithelium cells within the lungs and replaces them with squama cells // creates a build-up of unwanted substances // reduces cilia movement.
What is the difference between keratinized and nonkeratinized stratified squamous cells?
*categorised by the outermost layer // KERATINIZED = living cells are in deepest layers and conation keratin (found in skin/ gums… are dry durable and moist-resistant) // NONKERATINIZED = moist / have a layer of fluid covering outermost layer of cells (found in mouth, throat and larynx )
What is transitional epithelium and where is it located?
A unique stratified epithelium which lines the urinary balder and pelvis of kidney// cell shape and number of layers changes dependent on contents of organ
What are the 3 categories of connective tissue?
- connective tissue proper // 2. supporting connective tissue // 3. fluid connective tissue
What are some functions of connective tissue (give examples)
connective - tendons and ligaments // support - bones and Cartlidge // protection - capsule and bones// separation - sheaths // cushioning- adipose tissue // storage - adipose tissue // transportation - blood
What are the different cells and their function involved in making the extracellular membrane? (resident cells)
“BLAST”= creates
“CYTES”= maintains
“CLASTS”= breaks down
What are the two components in extracellular matrix ?
GROUND SUBSTANCES -> tissue fluid / cell adhesion proteins and proteoglycans // PROTEIN FIBRES-> collagen / elastic / reticular
What are proteoglycans and where are they located?
macromolecule with a protein core which glycosaminoglycans are attaches (the more GAG content the more viscous the extracellular membrane is, this is good for compression) found within ground substance within extracellular membrane
What are the 6 main ways to categorise/ describe connective tissue ?
loose or dense // Cartlidge or bone// blood or haemopoietic
What are some connective tissue disorders ?
SCURVY - defect in collagen fibres due to lack of vit C absorption// FIBROSIS - formation of scar tissue formation // MARFANS SYNDROME - defective elastic fibres , can dilate large arteries // PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA - destruction of elastic fires affecting surface area
What makes up nervous tissue and what is the function of each component ?
NERUONES - functional unit of nervous system which sends signals around the body // GLIAL CELLS - supporting cells which provide nutrients and immune functions to the neurones
What is the basic structure of a nerve cell?
CELL BODY- contain a nucleus and Nissl bodies / DENDRITIES - where synapses are located// AXON - conduct action potential //
Describe the categories and properties of glial cells of the PNS.
SCHWANN CELLS - wrap around single neurons forming myelinated sheath// SATELLITE CELLS - flattened cells wrapped around cell bodies , regulate chemical environments
