Metabolic control regulation Flashcards
How much energy does 1g of carbohydrate produce?
4.2kcal of energy
How much energy does 1g of fat produce?
9.4kcal
How much energy does 1g of protein produce?
5.65kcal
What are some techniques which can be used to calculate BMR and energy expenditure ?
Respiratory chamber // spirometer/ douglas bag
What are the major steps involved in metabolism?
EATING FOOD // RELEASING ENERGY - through breaking down energy // DIGESTIVE SYSTEM- digestive enzymes break down carbohydrates // ENZYMEMS MEET UP - inside cells more enzymes// ENERGY STORE - releases energy for immediate or future use
What are the 3 components of ATP?
triphosphate // ribose // adenine
What are some uses of ATP ?
digestion/ muscle contraction/ circulation / tissue synthesis / nerve condition // glandular excreations
What is the resting stores of ATP? How does this change during exercise ?
80-100G (at strenuous exercise this can rise by 20-30X)
What are the 3 types of carbohydrates ?
- Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose and galaoctose )// 2. Disaccharides (sucrose + lactose ) // 3. Polysacchatodes (starch)
What is the main function of phosphofructokinases?
Controls rate of glycolytic pathway
What is glycogenesis ?
the process by which the body synthesizes glycogen, the storage form of glucose, from glucose molecules, primarily occurring in the liver and muscle tissues.
What is glycogenolysis?
the process of breaking down glycogen into glucose
What are the net products of glycolysis ?
NAD + NADH + 2H+ + 2ATP
Where is the majority of ATP produced in the body?
ETC (34 produced here)
Give some sporting examples of when energy demand can increase drastically.
sprinting / spiriting within a team sport / explosive movements / lifting weights in the gym
How much ATP is produced from 1 glucose molecule ?
36
How much ATP is stored within the muscles?
80-100g
What are the characteristics of type 1 muscle fibres?
SLOW/ low glycolysis / fat energy storage / aerobic metabolism
What are the characteristics of type 2a muscle fibres?
moderate fast / high glycolysis / PCr energy store and glycogen store / Long anaerobic metabolism
What are the characteristics of type 2b muscle fibres?
fast movement / high glyolysis / PCr and glygoen energy stores/ short anerobic metabolism
What determines which muscle fibre type is being used?
Duration and intensity of exercise
What energy source does phospho-creatine provide?
intermediate energy stores for muscles
What ancestral origin do the fasted 10 100m sprinters have?
west african
What test can be used to measure power output?
Wingate test - a 30-second, high-intensity cycling test used to assess anaerobic power and capacity, involving pedaling as fast as possible against a predetermined resistance.
How can phospho-creatine be used in ATP production?
PCr + ADP + H+–> ATP + Cr
using creatine kinase, phosphocreatine rephosphorylates ADP to ATP
Is there more PCr or ATP stored in muscles ?
4x more PCr than ATP
When does ATP production occur? (during exercise )
at rest phase between high-intensity efforts
When to PCr stores run out? How long does it take for these to recover?
5-10 seconds into exercise// takes 3-4 mins for full recovery
What is the average creatine concentration in muscles ?
110-120mmol/kg/dry weight of muscle
What does creatine supplement do to muscle stores?
increases from 110-120 to 130-160mmol/kg/dry weight
What are benefits of creatine supplementing?
increases fat free mass // increases power output// increases success in anaerobic activities
When is the anaerobic glycolysis energy system optimal?
around 5secs into high intensity exercise
Throughout exercise from 1 second to 10 mins what energy system is used?
ANEROBIC ->1-45 secs // ANEROBIC LACTIC - 45secs to 2mins // AEROBIC + ANAEROBIC - 2-4mins // AEROBIC - 4/10mins
What energy source is used during exercise between 1seconds -> 10 mins ?
1-4 secs -> ATP in muscles // 4-10secs-> ATP+CP // 10secs-2mins -> MUSCLE GLYCOGEN // 2mins -4mins -> MUSCLE GLYCOGEN AND LACTIC ACID // 4-10mins -> MUSCLE GLYCOGEN AND FATTY ACIDS
When are muscle glycogen stores used up?
90 mins into moderate exercise
Compare glucose and fat metabolism.
Glucose produces 36ATP VS fat produces 129 ATP // gluocsee uses 6O2 VS fat uses 23O2
fat metabolism has a greater ATP yield but also requires more oxygen
What does the RER value tell us?
the energy source in use //
<1 = burning fat
= 1= only carbohydrates
based off vco2/o2 as fat metabolism requires more oxygen
What controls fat metabolism?
hormones -> insulin has an inhibitory effect // glucagon has a stimulating effect
post fat metabolism what is the aim?
get glucose and acteyl A into the mitochondria where it can be broken down //
Where is the beta oxidative pathway take place and what is the main aim?
within the mitochondria , aim is to convert fatty acids into acetyl-co a so it can be used in the kreb cycle // each cycle removes 2 carbon atoms , shortening the chain, hthis continues until the chain is broken .
What does a ketogenic state refer to?
main energy source = fat
When does maximal fat burning take place?
at 60% of maximal capacity
How many calories are needed for men and women to maintain a BMR ?
women = 1613 // men = 2111
What are some adaptations to aerobic training?
increase capillary density and size + number of mitochondria// increase capacity to oxidise carbohydrates // increase capacity to oxidise lipase / reduce RER value (therefore using fat as the main energy source )
What is the structure of amino acid?
amine group is attached to a carboxyl group via a carbon // contains a R group ( a side chain) which is unique to 20 different amino acids
What is a dipeptide, tripeptide and a polypeptide ?
dipeptide = 2 amino acids // tripeptide = three amino acid // polypeptide = up to 100 amino acids
What are the two main types of amino acids ?
ESSENTAIL -> cannot be synthesised by the body and are obtained by diet // NON ESSENTAIL - > synthesised by the body within the liver
Where is the majority of protein sourced from in developed and less developed countries?
DEVELPOED -> animal products
LESS DEVELOPED -> plant-based sources
Where are amino acids usually found within the body?
within blood / extracellular fluid and tissue
What is transamination?
converting essential amino acids to non-essential amino acids through moving an amine group
How is nitrogen intake and outtake measured ?
INTAKE = total protein intake X 0.16
OUTAKE = measure al nitrogen excreted
What is the main amino acid used during exercise ?
Leucine
