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Anatomy > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Four major families of tissues

A
  1. epithelial tissues
  2. Connective tissues
  3. Muscular tissue
  4. Nervous tissue
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2
Q

________ = Groups of _____ that have a common origin and function

A
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3
Q

_________ = layers of tissues

A
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4
Q

Epithelial tissue lines or covers _______ or forms secretion portion of gland

A

body cavities

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5
Q

Epithelial tissue functions

A

-Protects
-Secrete
-Absorb
-Excrete

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6
Q

Epithelial cells general features

A
  • Tightly packed cells, many cell junctions
  • Variable shapes
  • Sheets and layers
  • Very little ECM
  • Avascular
  • High capacity for cell division
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7
Q

Epithelial cell specific features

A
  • Apical surface
  • Lateral surface
  • Basal surface
  • Basement membrane
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8
Q

Types of layers of surface epithelium

A
  • Simple (unilaminar) epithelium
  • Psuedostratified
  • Stratified (multilaminar) epithelium
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9
Q

Function of simple epithelium

A
  • Filter / absorb
  • Secrete
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10
Q

Function of psuedostratified

A
  • Movement
  • Secrete
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11
Q

Function of stratified (multilaminar) epithelium

A
  • Protect
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12
Q

Surface epithelium cell shapes

A
  • Squamous
  • Cuboidal
  • Columnar
  • Transitional
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13
Q

Surface epithelium: squamous cells

A
  • Thin, flat
  • Allow passage of materials
  • Membranes
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14
Q

Surface epithelium: Cuboidal cells

A
  • Secretion and absorption
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15
Q

Surface epithelium: Columnar

A
  • Secretion
  • Absorption
  • Protection
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16
Q

Surface epithelium: Transitional

A
  • Change shape
  • Eg. wall of bladder
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17
Q

2 major types of epithelial tissues

A
  • Surface epithelial tissue
  • Glandular epithelial tissue
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18
Q

Surface epithelial tissue types

A
  • Simple
  • Pseudostratified columnar
  • Stratified
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19
Q

Simple surface epithelial tissue

A
  • Simple squamous
  • Simple cuboidal
  • Simple columnar
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20
Q

Stratified surface epithelial tissue

A
  • Stratified squamous
  • Stratified cuboidal
  • Stratified columnar
  • Transitional
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21
Q

2 types of simple squamous cells

A
  • Mesothelium
  • Endothelium
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22
Q

Mesothelium

A

lines serous membranes

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23
Q

Endothelium

A

Lines inner wall of arteries, capillaries, and veins

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24
Q

2 types of simple columnar epithelium

A
  • Non ciliated
  • Ciliated
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25
Q

Non ciliated

A
  • lines much of the GI tract
  • Contains microvilli and goblet cells
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26
Q

Ciliated

A
  • Lines most of the respiratory tract and fallopian tubes
  • contains cilia and goblet cells
  • Used for absorption and secretion
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27
Q

Stratified epithelial tissues: structure

A
  • Multiple layers; Deepest layer and apical (surface) layer
  • Some have keratin
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28
Q

Types of Stratified Epithelial Tissues

A
  • Stratified squamous
  • Stratified cuboidal
  • Stratified columnar
  • Transitional
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29
Q

Stratified squamous cells are in

A
  • SKIN
  • Lining of vagina
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30
Q

Stratified cuboidal cells (limited) are in

A
  • Adult sweat glands, etc.
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31
Q

Stratified columnar cells (limited) are in

A
  • Urethra
  • Esophageal glands, etc.
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32
Q

Transitional stratified epithelial tissues

A
  • Variable appearance
  • Elasticity
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33
Q

2 types of Glandular epithelial tissue

A
  • Endocrine glands
  • Exocrine glands
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34
Q

2 types of exocrine glands

A
  • Simple
  • Compound
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35
Q

Glandular epithelium

A
  • Specialized epithelial cells organized to form glands that secrete substances into ducts, onto a surface, or within interstitial fluid (diffuse into bloodstream)
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36
Q

Connective tissue

A
  • Very abundant in body
  • Variety of examples
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37
Q

Connective tissue functions

A
  • Bind
  • Protect
  • Separate structures
  • Transport (blood)
  • Store energy (adipose)
  • Immune response
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38
Q

2 types of connective tissues

A
  • Embryonic connective tissues
  • Mature connective tissues
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39
Q

2 types of Embryonic connective tissues

A
  • Mesenchyme
  • Mucous
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40
Q

3 types of Mature connective tissues

A
  • Connective tissue proper
  • Supporting connective tissue
  • Liquid connective tissue
41
Q

2 types of connective tissue proper

A
  • Loose
  • Dense
42
Q

2 types of supporting connective tissue

A
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
43
Q

2 types of liquid connective tissue

A
  • Blood
  • Lymph
44
Q

Connective tissue features

A
  • Rich blood supply (except cartilage, tendons)
  • Nerve supply (except cartilage)
  • Various cells within the tissue
  • Extensive Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
45
Q

Various cells in connective tissue

A
  • Immune related
  • Fibroblast
  • Adipocytes, Plasmocytes
46
Q

Immune related cells in connective tissue

A
  • Macrophages
  • Mast cells
47
Q

Fibroblast cells in connective tissue

A
  • Blast cells
48
Q

Adipocytes and Plasmocytes in connective tissue

A
  • Cyte cells
49
Q

2 components of the extensive extracellular matrix

A
  • Ground substance
  • Fibers
50
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A
  • Main component is Ground Substance
51
Q

Ground Substance

A
  • Secreted by:
  • Fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, calcified
  • Supports, binds, and maintains health of connective tissues
  • Water in ground substance “trapped” by GAGs
52
Q

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

A
  • Polysaccharides and proteins
  • Hyaluronic acid
  • Chondroitin sulfate, etc.
  • Fibronectin
53
Q

GAGs: hyaluronic acid functions

A
  • Lubrification
  • Liquification
54
Q

GAGs: Chondroitin sulfate functions

A
  • Support
  • Adhesions
55
Q

GAGs: Fibronectin function

56
Q

Fibers within extracellular matrix

A
  • Collagen
  • Reticular
  • Elastic
57
Q

Fibers within ECM: collagen

A
  • Strong parallel bundles
  • Resists tension, provides strength
58
Q

Fibers within ECM: Reticular

A
  • Thin bundles of collagen with glycoprotein coat
  • Branching networks that provide support
59
Q

Fibers within ECM: Elastic

A
  • Network of single fibers
  • Elasticity
60
Q

3 types of Loose connective tissue

A
  • Aerolar
  • Adipose
  • Reticular
61
Q

Areolar tissues

A
  • Abundant in body
  • Subcutaneous skin, surrounding blood vessels, nerves, and organs
62
Q

Adipose tissues

A
  • Found everywhere areolar tissue is located
  • White adipose and Brown adipose
63
Q

White adipose

A

increased blood vessels

64
Q

Brown adipose ( in infants)

65
Q

Reticular tissues

A
  • Forms stroma of organs
  • Support, binds, filters
66
Q

3 types of Dense Connective tissue

A
  • Regular
  • Irregular
  • Elastic
67
Q

Regular dense connective tissue

A
  • Forms tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses
  • Strong attachments and pulling strength
68
Q

Irregular dense connective tissue

A
  • Forms sheets of fascia, fibrous portions of membranes, joint capsules, periosteum of bone, etc.
  • Super tensile strength
69
Q

Elastic dense connective tissues

A
  • Found in lungs, tubes, etc.
  • Elasticity
70
Q

Blood: Liquid connective tissue

A
  • Plasma = Liquid ECM
  • Formed elements = Cells
  • Location - in vessels and arteries
  • Function - Carry oxygen to heart and carbon dioxide out; transports nutrients
71
Q

Blood composition

A
  • 55% blood plasma
  • Buffy coat composed of white blood cells and platelets
  • 45% red blood cells
72
Q

Bone: calcified connective tissue function

A
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Storage (minerals, houses marrow)
  • Levers for human movement
  • Contains bone cells and calcified extracellular matrix
73
Q

Bone cells

A
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteocytes
  • Osteoclasts
74
Q

Calcified Extracellular matrix

A
  • 15% water
  • 30% collagen fibers
  • 55% mineral salts (hydroxyapatite)
75
Q

Bone formation from bone cell lineage steps

A
  • Osteoprogenitor cells
  • Osteoblast
  • Osteocyte
76
Q

Bone formation from white blood cell lineage

A
  • Osteoclast
77
Q

1st step of bone tissue formation: Osteoprogenitor cell

A
  • develops into an osteoblast
78
Q

2nd step of bone tissue formation: Osteoblast

A
  • Forms bone extracellular matrix
79
Q

3rd step of bone tissue formation: Osteocyte

A
  • Maintains bone tissue
80
Q

4th step of bone tissue formation: Osteoclast

A
  • Functions in resorption, the breakdown of bone extracellular matrix
81
Q

Cartilage: supportive connective tissue

A
  • Hyaline/Articular
  • Fibrocartilage
  • Elastic
82
Q

Hyaline/Articular cartilage components

A
  • Most abundant cartilage in the body, at the ends of long bones, ribs, nose, parts of respiratory tract, and embryonic and fetal skeleton
83
Q

Hyaline/Articular cartilage functions

A
  • Allows joint movements (reduced friction)
  • Flexibility
  • Support
84
Q

Fibrocartilage: froms discs -

A
  • Punic symphysis
  • intervertebral discs
  • menisci of the knee
85
Q

Fibrocartilage functions

A
  • Support
  • Strength
  • Rigidity
86
Q

Elastic cartilage components

A
  • Epiglottis
  • Part of external ear (auricle)
  • Auditory (eustachian) tubes
87
Q

Elastic cartilage functions

A
  • Elasticity
  • Shape and strength
88
Q

Membranes - Tissue layers

A
  • Covers surfaces, cavities, organs
89
Q

2 types of tissues in membranes

A
  • Epithelial membranes
  • Synovial membranes
90
Q

tissues in Epithelial membranes

A
  • Connective tissue
  • Epithelial tissue
91
Q

Tissue in synovial membranes

A
  • Dense connective tissue
  • Serous connective tissue
92
Q

3 types of epithelial membranes

A
  • Mucous
  • Cutaneous
  • Serous
93
Q

Mucous membrane

A
  • Lining of small intestine; epithelial layer and connective tissue layer
94
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Skin
- Epithelial layer
- Connective tissue layer

95
Q

Serous membrane

A

Pleura, Pericardium, Peritoneum
- Double membrane with serous fluid between
- Parietal
- Visceral

96
Q

Serous membrane examples

A
  1. Membranes of thoracic cavity; pleura and Pericardium
  2. Membranes of the abdominopelvic cavity; Peritoneum
97
Q

What are the 4 tissue types in the human body?

98
Q

How does structure influence function?

99
Q

Identify the tissue types and layers in heart wall

Anatomy (17 decks)

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