Ch 1: 1.2 Levels of Body Organization and Body Systems Flashcards
Six levels of organization
- Chemical level
- Cellular level
- Tissue level
- Organ level
- System level
- Organismal level
Tissue level is made up of
Tissues
Tissues are
groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function
4 basic types of tissues in the body
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Muscular tissue
- Nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue
- Covers body surfaces
- Lines hollow organs and cavities
- Forms glands
Connective tissue
- Connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues
Muscular tissue
- Contracts (shortens) to make body parts move
- Generates heat in contraction
Nervous tissue
- Carries information from one part of the body to another
Organ level
Different types of tissues are joined together
Organs are
The structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues
- Have specific functions and usually recognizable shapes
Ex. of Tissues in stomach
- Outer covering is a layer of epithelial and connective tissues; reduces friction when the stomach moves against other organs
- Middle layer is a type of muscular tissue (smooth muscle) that contracts to churn and mix food and push it out to the next digestive organ
- Innermost layer is epithelial tissue and produces fluid and chemicals responsible for digestion in the stomach
System
Consists of related organs with a common function
ex. Digestive system
Organs may be apart of
two or more systems
Organism
Any living indivudual
Which level of structural organization is composed of two or more different types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function?
- Organs
Eleven systems of the Human Body
- Integumentary
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Cardiovascular
- Lymphatic
- Nervous
- Endocrine
- Respiratory
- Digestive
- Urinary
- Reproductive
Integumentary system: components
- Skin
- Hair
-Fingernails - Toenails
-Sweat Glands - Oil glands
- Subcutaneous tissue
Integumentary system: functions
- Protects the body
- Helps regulate body temperature
- Eliminates some wastes
- Helps make Vitamin D
- Detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold
- Stores fat
- Provides insulation
Skeletal System:
Components
- Bones
- Joints
- Cartilages
Skeletal system: Functions
- Supports and protects the body
- Provides a surface area for muscle attachments
- Aids body movements
- Houses cells that produce blood cells
- Stores minerals and lipids (fats)
Muscular system: Components
- Specifically refers to Skeletal muscle tissue (Muscle usually attached to bones)
- Other muscle tissues include smooth and cardiac
Muscular system: Functions
- Participates in bringing about body movements, such as walking
- Maintains posture
- Major source of heat production
Cardiovascular system: components
- Blood
- Heart
- Blood vessels
Cardiovascular system: Functions
- Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
- Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide away from cells
- helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids
- Blood components help defend against disease and repaire damaged blood vessels
Lymphatic (lymphoid) system and Immunity: Components
- Lymphatic fluid (lymph plasma)
- Lymphatic vessels
-Spleen - Thymus
- Lymph nodes
- Tonsils
- Cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells, etc.)
Lymphatic system and immunity: Functions
- Returns proteins and fluid to blood
- Carries lipids from digestive canal (gastrointestinal tract) to blood
- Contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes
Nervous system: Components
- Brain
- Spinal cord
- Nerves
- Special sense organs, such as the eyes and ears
Nervous system: Functions
- Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities
- Detects changes in the body’s internal and external environments, interprets the changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions
Endocrine system: Components
- Hormone-producing glands (Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid glands, suprarenal (adrenal) glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes)
- Other hormone-producing cells in several other organs
Endocrine system: Functions
- Regulate body activities by releasing hormones, which are chemical messengers that are transported in blood from an endocrine gland or tissue to a target organ
Respiratory system: Components
- Lungs and air passageways such as the Pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes within the lungs
Respiratory system: Functions
- Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air
- Helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluid
- Produces sound (voice) as outgoing ait vibrates the vocal cords
Digestive system: Components
- Organs of digestive canal (gastrointestinal tract) - a long tube that includes the mouth, pharynx (throat), Esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and anus
- Also includes accessory organs that assist in digestive processes, such as the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Digestive system: Function
- Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food
- Absorbs nutrients
- Eliminates solid wastes
Urinary system: Components
- Kidneys
- Ureters
- Urinary bladder
- Urethra
Urinary system: Function
- Produces, stores, and eliminates urine
- Eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood
- Helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids
- Maintains body’s mineral balance
- Helps regulate production of red blood cells
Genital (reproductive) systems: Components
- Gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females)
- Associated organs such as the uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and clitoris in females and epididymides, seminal glands, prostate, ductus deferenses, and penis in males)
Genital (reproductive) system: Function
- Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism
- Gonads release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes
- Associated organs transport and store gametes
- Mammary glands produce milk
