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anatomy and physiology > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What do tissues form?

A

Organs

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2
Q

4 types of tissues

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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3
Q

What gives rise to the tissue types?

A

Primary germ layers

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4
Q

What are the primary germ layers from outside to inside?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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5
Q

Which organs/parts are derived from the ectoderm?

A

Nervous system, skin epidermis, cornea/lens, enamel, adrenal medulla, pituitary and pineal gland.

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6
Q

Which organs/parts are derived from the mesoderm?

A

Musculoskeletal system, urinary system, muscular layer of digestive system, circulatory system, lymphatic system, skin dermis, reproductive system (except for germ cells), adrenal cortex

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7
Q

What organs/parts are derived from the endoderm?

A

Epithelial linings, liver, pancreas, thyroid gland, thymus, parathyroid glands

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8
Q

What systems are lined by epithelial cells derived from endoderm?

A

Digestive system, respiratory system, urinary system, reproductive system

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9
Q

Humor

A

Bodily fluids of animals

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10
Q

Types of humor

A

Intracellular and extracellular

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11
Q

What are the two types of extracellular fluid?

A

Interstitial (in ECM) and plasma

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12
Q

Features of epithelial cells

A

Attached to basal lamina, no blood vessels (avascular), regenerates, polarity allows for defines apical and basal membranes

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13
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A

Protection, regulates substance permeability, mediates sensations, secretes mucus, oil, tears, etc

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14
Q

4 methods of connection between epithelial cells

A

Gap junctions, tight junctions, desmosomes, adherens junctions

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15
Q

Tight junctions features

A

Seals together cells using proteins

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16
Q

Adherens junctions

A

Seals together cells by binding to actin microfilaments

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17
Q

Desmosomes

A

Mechanically supports cells using intermediate filaments

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18
Q

Gap junctions

A

Very permeable, important for electric charge conduction

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19
Q

What does the basal lamina consist of

A

Lamina lucida (top layer) and lamina densa (bottom layer)

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20
Q

What are the functions of the basal lamina

A

Anchoring epithelial cells, transition bw epithelial and connective tissue

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21
Q

3 different shapes of epithelial tissues

A

Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

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22
Q

What are the classifications of epithelial tissues based on number of cell layers?

A

Simple = 1 layer, stratified = 2+ layers

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23
Q

Location of simple squamous epithelial

A

Mesothelium (lining of pericardium), kidney tubules, lung alveoli (gas exchance), endothelium (inner layer) of blood vessels

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24
Q

What is the simple squamous epithelial tissue specialized for and why?

A

Specialized for transportation, best for it because shorter diffusion distance due to only 1 cell layer = more efficient transportation

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25
Q

Types of stratified squamous epithelial tissue

A

Non-keritanized - mucosa (inner part, moist), keritanized - epidermis (dry, cells dead at maturity, protects against dehydration)

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26
Q

Function of stratified squamous epithelial tissue

A

Protection from mechanical damage, pathogens, and chemicals

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27
Q

Location of keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue

A

Exposed, outer surfaces

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28
Q

Location of nonkeratinized stratified epithelial tissue

A

Inner surfaces, mouth, esophagus, anus, vagina

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29
Q

simple cuboidal epithelial location

A

kidney tubules, pancreas, thyroid glands, salivary glands

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30
Q

Function of simple cuboidal epithelial location

A

secretion and absorption

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31
Q

What subcellular organelle is responsible for attracting a basic stain

A

Rough er

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32
Q

The pancreas has what types of functions

A

Endocrine and exocrine

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33
Q

What types of cells are islets of langerhans

A

Pancreas cells

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34
Q

What are the 3 main endocrine cell types

A

Alpha, beta, delta

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35
Q

What do alpha cells release

A

Glucagon

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36
Q

What do beta cells release

A

Insulin

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37
Q

What do delta cells release

A

Somatostatin

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38
Q

Function of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Secretion and absorption

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39
Q

Location of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Sweat and mammary glands

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40
Q

Transitional epithelium location

A

Urinary bladder and ureters

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41
Q

Structure of transitional epithelium when relaxed

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

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42
Q

Structure of transitional epithelium when stretched

A

squamous epithelium

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43
Q

Functions of transitional epithelium

A

tolerates stretching

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44
Q

Structure features of simple columnar epithelium

A
  • Nuclei near basal lamina
  • Apical surface has microvilli
  • Immediately above the lamina propria connective cells
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45
Q

Location of simple columnar epithelium

A

Stomach, intestine, gallbladder, collecting ducts of kidneys, uterine tubes

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46
Q

Function of simple columnar epithelium

A

Absorption and secretion

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47
Q

structure of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

No multiple layers, all cells contact basal lamina, all may not reach apical surface causing stratified appearance

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48
Q

What does pseudostratified mean

A

looks stratified, is actually simple, as all cells contact basal lamina

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49
Q

Location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Respiratory tract, male reproductive tract, fallopian tubes

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50
Q

Function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Moves materials across surface

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51
Q

Features of stratified columnar epithelium

A

Rare, 2+ layers but only apical layer is columnal for protection

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52
Q

Function of stratified columnar epithelium

A

protection

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53
Q

Location of stratified columnar epithelium

A

Salivary glands, pharynx, mammary glands, urethra, anus

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54
Q

Differences between endocrine and exocrine

A

endo releases secretions/hormones into bloodstream; exo releases other secretions like sweat, other enzymes into ducts

55
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

Epithelial tissues involved in production and release of secretory substances

56
Q

Modes of secretion

A

Merocrine, apocrine, holocrine

57
Q

Merocrine secretion

A

Product released from vesicles via exocytosis (ex: goblet cells, sweat glands)

58
Q

Apocrine

A

Apical region with vesicles is shed to release products (ex: mammary gland)

59
Q

Holocrine

A

Entire cell is lysed/blows up to release product, secretory cell dies (ex: oil glands)

60
Q

Types of secretion

A

Serous, mucous, mixed exocrine glands

61
Q

Serous glands

A

Releases water and enzymes (ex: parotid salivary glands)

62
Q

Mucus glands

A

Mucin+water = mucus, (ex: goblet cells)

63
Q

Connective tissue features

A

Never exposed to environment, well vascularized, cells + matrix

64
Q

What makes up the matrix

A

Fibers + ground substance

65
Q

What are the 3 fiber types

A

Collagen, reticular, and elastic

66
Q

What is ground substance

A

Gel like fluid made of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion molecules, and glycosaminoglycans

67
Q

Cells where connective tissue is common

A

Fibroblasts (produce matrix), mesenchymal (type of stem cell), adipocytes (fat cells), phagocytes, lymphocytes (B and T cells), mast cells

68
Q

What are collagen fibers made of

A

Collagen type 1

69
Q

What are reticular fibers made of

A

collagen type 3

70
Q

What are elastic fibers made of

A

Elastin

71
Q

Function of connective tissues

A

Structural support, portection, circulation of fluids and dissolved substances, food storage and thermoregulation, immune defense

72
Q

Connective tissue is derived from

A

Mesynchyme

73
Q

Mesynchyme is derived from

A

Mesoderm

74
Q

What does mesoderm give rise to

A

Blood, lymph, bones, and muscles

75
Q

What gives rise to ectomesenchymal cells

A

Ectodermal natural crest

76
Q

3 types of connective tissues

A

Connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, supportive connective tissue

77
Q

2 types of connective tissue proper

A

Loose, dense

78
Q

3 types of loose connective tissue

A

Areolar connective tissue, adipose, tissue, reticular tissue

79
Q

Functions of areolar tissue

A

Absorb shock, resists distortion, fills space bw cells

80
Q

Adipose tissue types

A

white and brown fat

81
Q

Which type of fat is responsible for nonshivering thermogenesis

A

Brown fat

82
Q

Reticular tissue function

A

Structural support of parenchyma cells

83
Q

Parenchyma function in organ

A

Performs main organ function, entirely functional cell, not structural

84
Q

Name for macrophages in the liver

A

Kupffer cells

85
Q

What are the three types of dense connective tissue

A

Dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic connective

86
Q

Ligaments connect

A

Bone to bone

87
Q

Tendons connect

A

Muscle to bone

88
Q

Where is dense regular found

A

Tendons, ligaments, muscle coverings

89
Q

Difference between structure of dense regular and irregular

A

Regular is parallel collagen fibers (Better for back and forth attachment), irregular is mesh of fibers

90
Q

Function of dense irregular

A

Resists tension

91
Q

Locations of elastic connective

A

Arterial walls, ligaments bw vertabrae

92
Q

What is fluid connective tissue made of

A

Blood and lymph

93
Q

What does plasma becomes lost in the blood bw cells

A

Interstitial fluid

94
Q

What happens to interstitial fluid when it’s reabsorbed by the lymphatic system

A

Becomes lymph

95
Q

3 coats of a blood vessel

A

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

96
Q

What is tunica intima consisted of

A

Endothelial lining, basement membrane

97
Q

What is tunica media made of

A

Smooth muscle layer

98
Q

What is the tunica adventitia/externa composed of

A

Longitudinal connective tissue

99
Q

Structural difference bw artery and vein

A

Artery more circular, thick wall and small lumen, veins have thin wall and broad lumen, often collapsed lumen

100
Q

What is the thickest coat in the artery

A

Tunica media

101
Q

Thickest coat in a vein

A

Tunica externa

102
Q

What is a feature of arteries

A

Elastic internal membrane for recoil

103
Q

What are the 3 types of arteries

A

Elastic, muscular, arterioles

104
Q

Function of vasa vasorum

A

Mini blood vessels for the larger blood vessels for nourishment

105
Q

Features of elastic artery

A

Blood straight from heart requires elastin abundance to stretch to accomodate walls to maintain blood pressure

106
Q

Features/functions of muscular arteries

A

Distribute to larger femoral or coronary arteries, has endothelium

107
Q

Atherosclerosis definition

A

Fat build up causing narrowing of arteries

108
Q

What do some veins have

A

Valves

109
Q

Why is the lumen larger in veins

A

Large diameter allows more blood to flow with less resistance

110
Q

Types of capillaries

A

Continuous, fenestrated, discontinuous/ sinusoidal

111
Q

Arteries ____ while veins do not

A

pulsate

112
Q

Why can the venous system withstand lower blood pressure

A

Because it’s farther away from the heart

113
Q

Where are continuous capillaries found + features

A

Muscle, CNS, lungs, least permeable capillary

114
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found + features

A

Endocrine glands, gallbladder, intestinal tract, gaps bw endothelial cells continuous basal lamina

115
Q

Where are discontinuous capillaries + features

A

Spleen, bone marrow, liver, large gaps bw cells

116
Q

Two types of supportive connective tissue

A

Cartilage and bone/osseous

117
Q

Function of supportive connective

A

Structural support and movement, provides shape

118
Q

What kind of cells are cartilage composed of

A

Chondrocytes

119
Q

Structure of cartilage

A

Avascular

120
Q

Types of cartilage

A

Hyaline, elastic, fibro

121
Q

Function of hyaline cartilage

A

Stiff but flexible support, minimizes friction between bones

122
Q

Function of elastic cartilage

A

Resilient but flexible support

123
Q

Function of fibrocartilage

A

Resists compression, absorbs shock

124
Q

Types of bone tissue cells

A

osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts

125
Q

Composition of bone tissue

A

Matrix, cells, periosteum

126
Q

What is the bone tissue matrix made of

A

Calcium salts and collagen

127
Q

Function of bone tissue

A

Support and protection, movement, stores minerals

128
Q

3 types of muscle tissues

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

129
Q

Location of skeletal muscle tissue

A

All voluntary muscles

130
Q

Function of skeletal muscle

A

moves bone, guards entrances/exits, produces heat via shivering thermogenesis

131
Q

Cardiac muscle cells

A

Cardiomyocytes

132
Q

Location of cardiac muscles

A

Heart muscle (myocardium)

133
Q

Location of smooth muscle tissue

A

Walls of blood vessels and other hollow organs

134
Q

Function of smooth muscle tissue

A

Transport through organs and involuntary movements

anatomy and physiology (4 decks)

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