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Kine 2031- Anatomy > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are tissues?

A

Tissues are a group of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common/related function
- a cell is the simplest living structure and contains organelles
- Histology is the study of tissues (subset of microscopic anatomy)

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2
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A
  • protection
  • absorption and secretion ( as substances pass across epithelial lining)
    -sensory reception (have little hairs that are connected to nerves and send signals to the brain)
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3
Q

What is the covering/lining type of epithelium?

A

Lining Epithelium
- forms outer layer of skin and internal structures
- separates different components of the body and protects
- lines a structure in a sheet formation and forms outer layer of skin and layers surrounding organs and internal structures

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4
Q

What is the apical surface of epithelial tissue?

A

apical (free) surface is the free surface exposed to the exterior environment or cavity of organ
- often have microvilli or cilla which are little hairs that help with sensory reception
- apical surface faces the outside world or interior of organ/structure

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5
Q

What is the basal surface of epithelial tissue?

A

The basal structure is the anchored lower surface
- epithelial will attach to whatever beneath them

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6
Q

What is the Basal lamina of epithelial tissue?

A

The basal lamina is the adhesive sheet beneath the basal surface; it joins epithelial tissue to connective tissue

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7
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

the basement membrane is part of the anchoring system with the basal lamina
- The basement membrane can act as a filter as it decides what kind of things can cross over (absorption and secretion functions)
- can be able to pass all the way through into or out of the organ/structure (epithelial cells also help with this function)

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8
Q

Epithelial tissue facts

A
  • tissue fit closely together to form continuous sheets
  • sit upon and are supported by connective tissue (anchored to connective tissue)
  • Avascular (does not get blood supply), but innervated (does get nerve supply)
  • high regenerative capacity
    if it is damaged, it regenerates very quickly (not all aspects of the body do this)
    epithelial tissue gets oxygen and nutrients from nearby blood vessels
  • Cilia is often helpful in moving substances or involved in sensation (often found on epithelial tissue on apical surface)
  • epithelial tissue always forms a boundary (substances that enter or leave must pass through it)
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9
Q

What is the simple epithelial tissue arrangement?

A
  • single layer
  • alignment of the apical surface and the basal surface in each cell
  • useful for absorption and secretion because of the thin single-layer
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10
Q

What is the pseudostratified epithelial tissue arrangement?

A
  • single layer
  • every cell is in contact with the basement membrane
  • seen in places where protection is important, but we also need substances to get through (not all)
  • easier for substances to pass through
  • commonly seen in the respiratory system
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11
Q

What is the stratified epithelial tissue arrangement?

A
  • multiple cell layer
  • not all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane
  • better for protection because it’s difficult for things to penetrate (more layers=more protection)
  • can have a combination of 2 cell shapes
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12
Q

What is the squamous cell shape in epithelial tissue?

A

flat looking cell

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13
Q

What is the cubical cell shape in epithelial tissue?

A

cube looking cells

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14
Q

What is the columnar cell shape in epithelial tissue?

A

long, skinny, tall cells

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15
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A
  • thinnest epithelial tissue
  • located in areas where absorption/secretion is important (blood vessels, air sacs in lungs)
  • areas where we are going to have things passing in or out (tiny molecules)
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16
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • Very thick
  • found in areas where protection is important
  • Apical layer of cells no longer have nuclear (died-> look dull)
  • has more cuboidal cells closer to the basement membrane
  • example of having 2 cell shapes in a epithelial tissue)
17
Q

What is glandular epithelium?

A
  • they have glands which consist of one or more cells-> there are some glands that are singular epithelial cells
  • they make or secrete a particular substance (e.g., saliva, enzymes, hormones, etc.)
18
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A
  • substance is secreted into the bloodstream (usually hormones)
  • can go anywhere in the body because blood travels everywhere and can be accepted to any place (non-specific destination)
  • epithelial cells will make hormones and they will collect in the center, when they are ready to go, they will then diffuse through epithelial cells into blood vessels
  • endocrine gland is close to hormone-producing cells
  • The thyroid gland produces a number of hormones important for metabolism, most of the cells in the body will have receptors for these hormones
19
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A
  • substance travels through a duct (tube) to the destination
  • controlled, putting it in one place
  • there can be more than 1 layer of epithelial cells
    -central collecting is in the middle is lumen (an open area of some kind of tube or structure)
  • common exocrine gland is the salivary gland
  • there are 6 of them, located in the mouth or near the mouth and produce saliva
  • set similarly (duct from the lumen into mouth)
20
Q

What is connective tissue?

A
  • it supports body structures
  • all types of connective tissue come from the same type of cell when developing (mesenchyme cells- original cell type that turns into all connective structure)
21
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A
  1. binding and supporting-> epithelial tissue almost always connects to connective tissue
  2. protecting
  3. insulating -> adding warmth
  4. storing reserve fuel (eg, bones strong calcium in marrow)
  5. Transporting substances-> blood=transportation
22
Q

What are the components of connective tissue structure?

A
  • made of 3 main things= ground substance, fibers (3 types), and cells
  • ground substance: is a fluid (watery or gel), is background material, and helps bind all other structures
  • elastic fibers: fibers made of protein that are stretchable and elastic
  • Reticular fibers: made of collagen and glycoproteins, have middle toughness
  • collagen fibers: collagen proteins that are extremely tough
  • fibers add structural integrity to connective tissue
  • when ground substance and fibers are together you get non-living component of connective tissue (extra-cellular matrix)
  • rest of connective tissue is made up of cells (living)-> spread out within fibers and ground substance
23
Q

What is connective tissue proper?

A
  • connective tissue proper can contain a mix of the 3 types of fibers
  • these can have small pink areas where it can contain water and salts (need reservoir in case we lose some -dehydration)
  • 6 types (differ in density and fiber type, have different functions)
  • found in adipose (fat), under (supporting) epithelia, and ligaments (connects bones)
24
Q

Functions of connective tissue proper

A
  • binding: eg, epithelial tissue is bound to connective tissue beneath it
  • resist tension/mechanical stress: seen in ligaments (reduce tension and mechanical stress, and made of connective tissue proper and they connect 1 bone to another)
  • fat storage
  • provides reservoir for water and salts
25
Q

Functions of cartilage connective tissue

A
  • resists compression (high level of water in matrix in ground substance, makes it squishy, seen in joints)
  • cushions and supports body structures
26
Q

3 types of cartilage connective tissue

A
  1. hyaline: most common in human body (seen in joints)
  2. Elastic: more elastic, seen in nose and ears
  3. Fibrocartilage: very tough- has more mobility than hyaline, in some joints, seen in joints of pelvis to allow baby to pass through in females
27
Q

Functions of connective tissue bone

A
  • very hard, resists compression and tension
  • when muscle contracts, bone pulls and has tension, bone is built to resist it
    -support
    -bone forms connective basis of entire body
  • collagen fibers and calcium give bone its strength
28
Q

2 types of bone connective tissue

A
  1. compact
  2. spongy: more space, find marrow in spaces (storage component)
29
Q

Functions of connective tissue blood

A
  • fluid tissue: important in function of transport
  • carries Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, nutrients, wastes, and other substance (hormones)
  • is connective tissue because it comes from those mesenchyme cells (original cells)
30
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A
  • has high cell concentration ( lots of cells and all packed close together)
  • highly vascularized (gets a very high amount of blood supply because muscle is working all the time)
  • responsible for most body movements
31
Q

3 Types of muscle tissue

A
  1. cardiac muscle cell: only found in walls of heart
  2. skeletal muscle cell: conscious muscle of body (can control)
  3. smooth muscle cells: located within organs and blood vessels, involuntary (cannot control)
32
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

main component of nervous system : brain, spinal cord, nerves
- brain sends signals down spine
- brain brings information out to body cells
- brings information back to brain and spinal cord

33
Q

2 cell types of nervous tissue

A
  1. neurons: electrical signaling cells
  2. supporting cells: helping cells that dont pass electrical signals

Kine 2031- Anatomy (3 decks)

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