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Kine 2031- Anatomy > Skeletal system > Flashcards

Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

What is bone?

A
  • bones are organs made up of more than one tissue
  • bone tissue, cartilage tissue, nervous tissue, dense connective tissue proper, muscle tissue, and epithelial tissue are all tissues that make up bone
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2
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A
  • support: supportive framework of the body
  • protection: number of areas of skeleton are specifically for protection of some organs (heart, lungs, brain)
  • anchorage: bones provide a solid anchor for other structures
  • mineral/growth factor storage: calcium is a big mineral-many other minerals, bone is a dynamic structure that can store things within for when needed
  • blood cell formation and triglyceride (fat) storage: happens in marrow with bones
  • hormone production: lets nervous system know what is going on in the bones
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3
Q

What is included in the axial skeleton?

A

skull, ribs, spine, sternum
- it is the main axis in which rest of the body moves

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4
Q

What is included in the appendicular skeleton?

A

shoulder girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, lower limb
- parts that are attached to axial skeleton

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5
Q

shapes of bone

A

Long bone- wider at each end, narrow shaft, long skinny structure
Short bone- cube shaped
Flat bone- flat and sometimes a little curved
Irregular bone (vertebra)- spine bone, don’t match any other description
Sesamoid bone (patella)- not completely flat structure, tend to be very small, largest ones are the knee caps (patella), not attached directly to other bone, found in areas which are wear and tear
- sesamoid bone is usually tucked into tendon-> add extra structural integrity in tendons that live a rough life
- tendon= connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

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6
Q

What is compact bone?

A

is the dense outer layer of bone and appears smooth and solid
- very strong and solid

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7
Q

What is spongy bone?

A
  • is the internal layer of bone
  • trabeculae (stripes of bone in spongy bone) form honeycomb-like structure
  • contains marrow (can store more stuff)
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8
Q

Structure of long bone

A
  • proximal and distal epiphysis: wider part of bone closer to core of body, thinner compact bone wall
  • articular cartilage: spongy bone that contains red bone marrow in epiphysis, gives shock absorbent surface
  • Epiphyseal line: divides epiphysis above from diaphysis below
  • Metaphysis: area between epiphysis and diaphysis
  • diaphysis: narrow shaft, thick compact bone wall, contains spongy bone
  • Medullary cavity: contains yellow bone marrow in adults, has spongy bone and more opening, lots of marrow
  • Hyaline cartilage: long bones have hyaline cartilage (at either end), adds softer shock absorbent surface compared to rest of the bone
  • Metaphysis is where growth occurs in bone
  • Epiphyseal line is made of cartilage as a child up until about age 20, it will slowly turn to bone-> how bones get longer as you grow
  • when you reach full growth height, cartilage ossifies (turns into bone)
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9
Q

Where is marrow located?

A

within spongy bone
- in long bone, medullary cavity has marrow

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10
Q

What is red marrow?

A
  • where there is blood cell production
  • located in trabecular cavities of long and flat bones
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11
Q

What is yellow marrow?

A
  • where there is fat storage- important resource
  • can turn back into red marrow in adults in server anemia (in adult bone)
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12
Q

Facts about marrow

A
  • newborns have all red marrow because you have to make all red blood cells fresh-> take red marrow
  • as you age, red marrow starts to be replaced by yellow marrow
  • in adults, you find red marrow in only flat bone and epiphysis of long bone
  • if you have a problem with red blood cells (delivering oxygen to cells), yellow can turn back to red in some bone
  • decrease in red blood cells or decrease in oxygen to cells is called anemia
  • short, regular, or sesamoid bones don’t hold much marrow
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13
Q

What is cartilage in the skeleton?

A
  • cartilage is highly resilient and very good at resisting compression ( 2 things pressing against each other like bone)
  • cartilage has a lot of water in it , making it highly resilient
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14
Q

What is hyaline cartilage?

A
  • it provides support with flexibility and resilience
  • is more abundant in the skeletal cartilage
  • located in the articular (joints- where 2 bones connect), costal (ribs), and respiratory
  • each of the ribs is joint to breast bone by hyaline cartilage
  • respiratory tube cartilages in neck and thorax are covered in hyaline cartilage
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15
Q

What is elastic cartilage?

A
  • has more elastic fibres compared to hyaline
  • better able to stand up to repeated bending
  • located in the external ear and nose, and epiglottis (going to bend and rise back up to keep food out)
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16
Q

What is fibrocartilage?

A
  • has great tensile strength (lots of thick collagen fibers), very strong
  • located in sites that are subject to both pressure and stretch like menisci of knee (joint), intervertebral discs-> allow spine to bend), and pubic symphysis (interpubic disc)- important for females when giving birth
17
Q

Cartilage in the growing skeleton

A
  • cartilage makes up most of the fetal skeleton (hyaline cartilage), cartilage grows very fast (cells divide and grow quickly then can turn into bones fast)- ossification (growth of bones) starts to begin at about at 8 weeks in fetus and continues
  • resilient and elastic (lots of water)
  • ideal for fast growth
  • no nerves or blood vessels (avascular)
  • if you damage cartilage it will be very slow to heal, especially in joints
18
Q

What is the fracture classification?

A

Non-displaced: bone ends retain normal position (bone ends in original position)
Displaced: bone ends out of alignment (ends of bone are not aligned)
Complete: bone is broken only part of the way through
Incomplete: bone broken only part of the way through (hairline fracture)
Closed (simple): bone does not penetrate skin
Open (compound): bone penetrates skin

19
Q

What is a comminuted bone fracture?

A
  • when a bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces
  • small bone fragments present at the fracture
20
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A
  • only occurs in children because their bones aren’t fully ossified, and still have some cartilage
  • partial fracture, one side of the bone will be broken, other side bends
21
Q

What is an impacted fracture?

A
  • when one end of the bone is forcefully driven into the other end of the bone
  • jamming motion
22
Q

What is a pott fracture?

A
  • ankle fracture
  • maliolie (bumps on either side of the ankle) breaking, happens when you jump and land awkwardly or if you twist the ankle
23
Q

What is a colles fracture?

A
  • fracture of the distal end of the radius (thumb side) wrist
  • happens when you break fall with your hands
24
Q

What is a closed (external) reduction fracture repair?

A

physician manually coaxes bone ends back into position
- aggressive movement
- reduction is putting fracture into alignment before healing

25
Q

what is a open (internal) reduction fracture repair?

A

bone ends are secured surgically with pins or wires
- reduction is putting fracture into alignment before healing

26
Q

What is the fracture healing process?

A
  1. hemotoma forms: blood rushes to the area (especially in compact bone)
  2. fibrocartilage callus forms: fibrocartilage will replace blood and form fibrocartilage callus
  3. Bony callus forms: fibrocartilage starts to be replaced with bone
  4. Bone remodelling occurs: want bone to be flat and smooth, specialized cells will eat up extra stuff we don’t need, can take up to a few weeks to couple of months
    - healing process beings immediately after injury
27
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

soft/weak bones (in adults) due to poor mineralization
- don’t have all the minerals we need to make healthy bones

28
Q

What is rickets

A
  • an analogous disease in children (their bones are still growing)
  • more dangerous since bones are growing rapidly
  • epiphyseal plate cannot calcify so long bones become enlarged
  • bending under pressure of weight of body
  • due to calcium or vitamin D deficiency (lifestyle issues)
29
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

bone resorption (break down of bone) over deposition (laying down of new bone)
- common in older adults and women (decreased sex hormones-estrogen (females past menopause))
- bone is constantly turning over in healthy individual, normally have equal or more deposition than resorption

30
Q

What is the treatment for osteoporosis?

A

Ca2+, Vit.D, hormone replacement therapy

31
Q

How do you prevent osteoporosis?

A

adequate nutrition (promote bone deposition), load-bearing exercise

Kine 2031- Anatomy (3 decks)

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