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anatomy > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues Definition

A

A group of similar cells that perform a common function

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2
Q

4 primary tissues in the human body are?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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3
Q

Epithelial Tissues..

A

Covering

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4
Q

Connective Tissue..

A

Support

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5
Q

Muscle Tissues..

A

Movement

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6
Q

Nervous Tissues..

A

Control

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7
Q

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissues? 6

A
  • Polarity
  • Avascular
  • Supported by basement membrane
  • connective tissue underlies/supports all epithelial tissue
    -High regenerative capacity
    -Innervated
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8
Q

Polarity?

A

Lower/attached basal surface; free apical surface; apical surface may have cilia or microvilli.

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9
Q

What does it mean to be avascular?

A

Lack blood vessels

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10
Q

basement membrane?

A

double layered- superior basal lamina abutting the epithelial tissue and a deep reticular lamina abutting the underlying connective tissue.

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11
Q

Connective tissue for epithelial tissue

A

supports: connective tissue is vascular and provides nutrients to the overlaying avascular epithelial tissue by diffusing through basement membrane.

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12
Q

High regeneration capacity? epithelial tissue

A

Undergo cell division so far as they receive nutrients from underlying connective tissue

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13
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A
  • single layer
  • disc shaped central nuclei
  • sparse cytoplasm
    -passage of material by diffusion and filtration where protection is not important
    -secretes and lubrication
  • sacs of lungs
    -kidney glomeruli
  • endothelium (lymphatic vessels)
  • Mesothelium (lining of ventral body
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14
Q

Simple Cuboidal epithelium

A
  • single layer
  • cube shape
  • large spherical central nuclei
  • secretion and absorption
  • kidney tubules
  • Germinal epithelium -ovary surface
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15
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A
  • single layer
  • round to oval nuclei
  • some cells have cilia
  • absorption
    secrete mucus.
  • nonciliated lines most of digestive tract
  • ciliated lines small bronchi
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16
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A
  • nuclei at different heights
  • all cells touch basement membrane
  • secretion of mucus
  • nonciliated in male sperm carrying ducts
  • ciliated lines trachea
    and respiratory epithelium (upper respiratory tract)
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17
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • thick membrane, many layers
  • basal cells are cuboidal or columnar
  • surface are flattened (squamous)
  • protects underlying tissue/ areas subjected to abrasions
  • nonkeratinized form moist linings of mouth/vagina
    keratinized in epidermis of skin
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18
Q

stratified columnar epithelium

A
  • 2 layers
    apical cells are columnar shaped.
  • ducts of glands
  • pharynx
  • male urethra
  • secretion
  • protection
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19
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelial

A
  • 2 layers
  • apical cells are cuboidal
    lining ducts of the glands like salivary and sweat glands
  • secretion and protection
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20
Q

transitional epithelium

A
  • looks like both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal
  • basal cuboidal or columnar
  • surface dome or squamous like
  • stretches for distension of urinary organs
  • lines bladder
    lines the ureters
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21
Q

endocrine glands

A

secrete their products (hormones) into extracellular fluid

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22
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete their products onto the body’s surface

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23
Q

Unicellular exocrine glands

A

goblet cells in membranous epithelia, secrete mucin.

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24
Q

Characteristics of connective tissues

A
  • Common origin (mesenchyme)
  • different degrees of vascularity
  • composed of 2 parts: living and nonliving
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25
Q

common origin

A

in connective tissue all tissue is derived from the embryonic tissue called Mesenchyme

26
Q

different degrees of vascularity

A

connective tissue goes from avascular to poorly vascular to very vascular

27
Q

nonliving portion in connective tissue

A

=extracellular matrix=ground substances and the fibers

28
Q

3 fibers (nonliving portion of connective tissue)

A

-collagen=white fibers
-elastic fibers=yellow fibers
-reticular fibers

29
Q

living portion of connective tissue

A

cells that are derived from mesenchyme and they make connective tissue

30
Q

fibroblasts

A

produces connective tissue proper

31
Q

chondroblasts

A

produces cartilage

32
Q

osteoblasts

A

produces bone tissue

33
Q

hematopoietic stem cells

A

produces blood cells

34
Q

connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, areolar

A
  • gel like matrix
  • all 3 fiber types
  • wraps and cushions organs
    -under epithelia of body, very vascular
    forms lamina propria of mucous membranes (under epithelium)
    supports epithelial tissue
    packaging material of the body
35
Q

Conective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, adipose

A

-packed fat cells
- nucleus to the side
- provides reserve food fuel
- insulates heat
- protects and supports organs
- under skin(hypodermis)
- in breast
- stores triglycerides

36
Q

connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, rectular

A
  • network of reticular fibers
  • fibers form soft internal skeleton, supports white blood cells
    in lymphoid organs like lymph nodes
37
Q

Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense regular

A
  • mostly parallel collagen fibers(some elastic)
  • major cell type in fibroblast
    -attaches muscle to bones or bones to bone
  • great tensile stress when force is applied in 1 direction
  • tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses
  • stronger than steel?
  • also known as fibrous CT
  • poorly vascularized
38
Q

connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense irregular

A
  • mostly irregularly arranged collogen fibers (some elastic)
  • major cell type in fibroblasts
  • can stand tension exerted in many directions
  • structural strength
  • in dermis of skin
  • fibrous capsules of organs and joints
  • highly vascularized
39
Q

cartilage: hyaline

A
  • most abundant cartilage
  • no definitive shape but firm matrix
  • collogen fibers make slight network
  • supports and reinforces
  • cushioning properties
  • forms most of embryonic skeleton
  • covers ends of long bones in joint cavities
    costal cartilage inn ribs
40
Q

cartilage: elastic

A
  • kinda like hyaline but more elastic fibers in matrix
    maintain shape of a structure with flexibility
  • supports external ear (Pinna)
    -epiglottis
41
Q

Cartilage: Fibrocartilage

A
  • matrix like but less firm than in hyaline
  • thick collogen fibers predominate
  • tensile strength and absorbs compressive shock
  • in in intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis, menisci- discs of knee joint
  • made by chondroblasts, all cartilage is avascular and surrounded by highly vascularized dense irregular CT called the perichondrium
42
Q

Bone (osseous tissue)

A
  • hard, calcified matrix, many collagens’ fibers
  • osteocytes in lacunae
  • very well vascularized
    -bone supports and protects.
  • stores calcium and minerals
  • in bones
43
Q

blood

A
  • red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)
  • transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, waste
  • contained within blood vessels
  • secreted by the hematopoietic stem cells
  • fluid matrix is referred to as blood plasma
44
Q

Nervous tissue

A
  • branching cells
  • long extended
  • transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscle and glands) which control their activity
  • in brain, spinal cord, and nerves
  • special cuz nervous tissue is composed of two types of cells
  • neurons (nerve cells) and supporting cells(neurogial cells)
45
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

-longs, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations
- voluntary movement and control
- in skeletal muscles attaches to bones and sometimes skin

46
Q

Cardiac muscles

A
  • branching
  • striated
  • generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions
    as it contracts it propels blood into circulation
  • involuntary control
  • walls of heart
47
Q

smooth muscle

A
  • spindle shaped cells with central nuclei
  • no striations
  • cells arranged to form sheets
  • propels substances (food, urine) along internal passageways
  • involuntary control
    mostly in walls of hollow organs
48
Q

All connective tissue comes from the…

A

Mesenchyme

49
Q

Cellular descendants of Mesenchyme

A

Fibroblasts, Osteoblast, chondroblasts, and hematopoietic stem cells

50
Q

poorly vascularized

A

cartilage, desne regular CT,

51
Q

very vascular

A

Dense irregular, areolar

52
Q

Chondrocytes secrete cartilage (any of the other secrete)

A

False, it can Reverte back to a chondroblast to make cartilage but not actually make cartilage.

53
Q

Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue: elastic tissue

A
  • high contact of elastic fibers
  • exhibits the strech recoil properties
  • in the ligamenta flava which connect adjacent the processes of the vertebrae
54
Q

Organic matrix of bone tissue

A

Osteoid (gel like)

55
Q

Inorganic matrix of bone tissue

A

hydroxyapatites (calcium phosphate crystals)

56
Q

truefalse: the inorganic matrix of bone tissue is osteoid

A

False

57
Q

cutaneous membrane= Skin

A

overlying tissue: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
underlaying tissue: areolar and irregular

58
Q

mucous membrane

A

(lines the organs in the tracts of the body: a body tract has an opening to the exterior) overlaying nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium or simple columnar epithelium
underlying: areolar CT (areolar CT in mucus membrane is specifically referred to as the lamina propria (only called that in the mucus membrane)

59
Q

serous membrane (covers organs int he ventral body cavity)

A

overlaying tissue: simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)
simple squamous epithelium in serous membrane is specifically referred to as the mesothelium.

60
Q

what is the endothelium

A

simple squamous epithelial tissue that lines the structures of the cardiovascular system

61
Q

what is the mesothelium?

A

is simple squamous epithelial lining in the serosae membrane

62
Q
A

anatomy (8 decks)

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