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anatomy > skin > Flashcards

skin Flashcards

1
Q

What are the accessory skin structures?

A
  • Sweat (sudoriferous) glands
  • Sebaceous glands
  • Hair/hair follicles
  • Nails
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2
Q

Skin is the largest organ…

A

Of the body not in the body (liver)

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3
Q

The skin weighs?

A

9- 11 pounds and 7% of the total body weight

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4
Q

How many strata are there in the skin?

A

4 in thin skin and 5 in thicker skin

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5
Q

The stratum Basale?

A
  • Is the deepest stratum
  • a single layer of cells including keratinocytes, melanocytes, and Merkel cells
  • cells divide by mitosis and some of the newly formed cells become the cells of the more superficial strata
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6
Q

stratum spinosum

A
  • cells contain bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin called tonofilaments (resist tension placed on skin)
  • keratin fibers and lamellar bodies accumulate
  • several layers of cells
  • ## cells have desmosomes (hold cells together which causes the cells to appear spiny during histological preparation
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7
Q

stratum granulosum

A
  • contains granules
  • keratohyalin and a hard protein envelope form; lamellar bodies release lipids; cells die
  • composed of 3-5 layers of cells
  • lamellar body releases lipids
  • keratohyalin granules
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8
Q

stratum lucidum

A
  • only in thick skin (palms and soles)
  • dead cells containing dispersed keratohyalin
  • thin translucent layer of dead cells
  • thickens the epidermis
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9
Q

stratum corneum

A
  • superficial stratum
  • cells are dead, hard protein envelope
  • 20-30 layers of dead flat cells
  • flat memberous sacs filled with keratin
  • glycolipids in extracellular space
  • replaced every 3-4 weeks
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10
Q

Cornification (stratum corneum)

A

Dead cells are impregnated with glycolipids and Keratin to provide a tough, durable, and waterproof “coat”.

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11
Q

lamellated granules (stratum grandulosum)

A

contains glycolipids, the lipids make the epidermis water-proof.

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12
Q

Langerhans cells (stratum spinosum)?

A

epidermal dendritic cells. act as macrophages in the stratum spinosum (because the epidermis is avascular, macrophages are not present in the epidermis) to engulf and digest pathogens.

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13
Q

Keratohyaline granules (stratum grandulosum)

A

contains the tough, insoluble protein, keratin, which makes the epidermis tough and abrasive- resistant.

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14
Q

keratinocytes(stratum basale)

A

are mitotically active producing cells for the superficial layer hence, the stratum basale is also known as the stratum Germinativum

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15
Q

Melanocytes (stratum basale)

A

produces the pigment melanin contained in the melanosomes- melanosomes accumulate on the superficial surface of the keratinocytes in the stratum basale. Melanin acts as a chemical shield to protect the nuclei of the keratinocytes form the harmful effects of UV radiation in the sunlight. melanin gives skin its color. Albinism is the genetic condition where melanin is not synthesized. When you go out int he sun, these cells make extra melanin to protect you from getting burned by the suns UV rays(tanning)

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16
Q

Merkel cell (stratum basale)

A

at the epidermal- dermal junction associate with free nerve ending to form Merkel discs, which act as touch receptors.

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17
Q

The dermis consists of what?

A

The superficial papillary layer and the deep reticular layer

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18
Q

The papillary layer

A
  • is composed of areolar CT
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19
Q

Dermal Papillae (papillary layer)

A

peg-like projections, house blood capillaries and nerve endings and Meissner’s corpuscles which act as touch receptors

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20
Q

Dermal ridges (papillary layer)

A

in thick skin, the surface of papillae is supported by mounds called dermal ridges which form impressions on the epidermal surface epidermal ridges (=friction ridges), they increase friction and enhance gripping.
pattern of epidermal ridges is genetically determined and therefore unique to an individual- act as the basis for fingerprinting.

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21
Q

reticular layer accounts for what % of the dermis?

A
  • deeper layer accounting for 80% of the dermis
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22
Q

what is reticular layer made of?

A

dense irregular CT

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23
Q

reticular layer contains?

A

-cleavage (tension) lines- areas of the reticular layer with less collagen bundles
- incisions made parallel to the cleavage lines gape less and heal faster
- striae (Strech marks) indicate dermal tearing replaced by white silvery white scars

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24
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

the touch receptors for deep pressure
placed on the skin in the reticular layer of dermis
(deeper touch compared to light touch Merkel and other one M)

25
Q

merkel discs

A

epidermal-dermal junctions; act as light touch

26
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

papillary layer of dermis; act as touch receptors

27
Q

root hair plexus

A

wrapped around the base of a hair follicle called the hair bulb and its simulated when the hair bends; acts as touch

28
Q

Where do the accessory structures reside?

A

they are all derived from the stratum Basale off the epidermis but reside in the dermis where they can get nutrients.

29
Q

sweat glands

A
  • sudoriferous gland
  • simple coiled tubular multicellular exocrine glands
  • 2 types: eccrine& apocrine
30
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A
  • 3 million per person
  • abundant in palms, sloes, and forehead
  • secrete sweat for thermoregulation when the body temperature rises
  • use the merocrine mode of secretion
    hence the eccrine sweat glands are also known as merocrine sweat glands.
31
Q

composition of sweat

A
  • Hypotonic filtrate of blood
  • 99% water (since water has a high heat of vaporization, heat from
    the body is used to evaporate water from surface of skin dropping
    body temperature back to normal)
  • Antibodies
  • Vitamin C
  • Salts – NaCl
  • Metabolic wastes
  • Dermicidin – antimicrobial protein
  • pH between 4-6 = Acidic
  • ACID MANTLE –the combination of acidic pH of
    sweat and dermicidin on the surface of the skin to
    retard microbial growth
32
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A
  • 2000 of them located in the anogenital and axillary areas
  • becomes active after puberty when they are stimulated by the sex steroid hormones
  • secrete a viscous, yellow-ish fluid onto hair follicles.
  • secrete their product via merocrine mode of secretion
  • secretion is associated with the boy odor hence, the apocrine sweat gland is known as odoriferous glands
33
Q

ceruminous glands

A

specialized sweat glands located in the lining of the external ear canal; they secrete a bitter substance called cerumen (earwax) which prevents entry of foreign objects such as insects and water into the ear.

34
Q

mammary gland

A

specialized sweat glands located in breast; secrete milk to feed the young

35
Q

sebaceous glands

A
  • oil glands
  • simple(branched) alveolar multicellular exocrine glands
  • found all over body except the palms and soles
  • secrete oily substance called sebum into hair follicles and via pores to the surface of the skin
  • sebum softens and lubricates hair and skin
  • secrete via the holocrine mode secretion
36
Q

what are whiteheads?

A

sebum accumulated int he ducts of the sebaceous glands.

37
Q

What are blackheads?

A

pooped whiteheads that result in oxidation and darkening

38
Q

What is acne?

A

inflammation of sebaceous glands caused by bacteria

39
Q

What is the function of hair?

A

to protect: hair on scalp and eyelashes

40
Q

hair thermoregulation?

A

it provides insulation: in cold weather, ands of smooth muscles attached to the hair follicles called the arrector pili muscles, contract pulling the hair follicles and hairs from an oblique position to an upright position resulting in dimpling of the
skin referred to as “goose bumps”; in this position a layer
of air can be trapped on the surface of skin to act as an
insulator to prevent heat loss from the body

41
Q

nails?

A
  • made of tightly packed, hard, keratinized epidermal cells.
  • scale like modifications of the epidermis
    nail grow 1/8 inch per month.
    nail is horn like covering of the dorsal tips of the fingers and toes. composed of dead cells impregnated with a tough protective protein called keratin
42
Q

nail body?

A

portion of the anil that is visible- free edge: part that extends past the distal end of the digit.

43
Q

nail root?

A

portion buried in a fold of skin

44
Q

lunula

A

means little moon- crescent shaped area of the nail.

45
Q

hyponychium

A

secures the nail to the fingertip-thickens stratum corneum

46
Q

eponychium or cuticle

A

narrow band of epidermis- growth of the nails is in the nail matrix

47
Q

basal cell carcinoma?

A

involves he proliferation of stratum Basale cells. the least malignant and most common type of skin cancer (80%); grows slowly.

47
Q

functions of nails?

A
  • protect ends of the digits from trauma
  • for grasping and manipulating objects especially small objects
  • for scratching
48
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

involves the cells in the stratum spinosum. second most common type of skin cancer; grows rapidly

49
Q

meanoma?

A

proliferation of the melanocytes; most aggressive type of skin cancer, highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy; least common

50
Q

Burns?

A

tissue damage by intense heat, radiation, electricity and chemical such as acid

51
Q

first degree burns

A

damage is confined to only the epidermis; associated with redness, swelling and pain; heal in three days without medical intervention. EX: sunburn

52
Q

second degree burns

A

damage to the entire epidermis and the papillary layer of the dermis; associated with blisters (fluid collection at the epidermal-dermal junction), swelling, redness and pain; heal in 3-4 weeks if infection is prevented.

53
Q

third degree burns

A

damage to the entire skin= damage to the entire epidermis and dermis including all the nerve endings hence, the burn site is not painful; subjected to infections and fluid loss; medical intervention involving grafting, fluid, protein and ion replacement are required for healing

54
Q

how do wrinkles form?

A
  • loss of elasticity
  • thinning skin
  • lack of moisture
  • When skin is young, thick, and full of elasticity it can resist muscle tension and does
    not develop a grove or crease when a facial muscle is contracted - such as a frown,
    squint, or a smile. However as we age and our skin becomes thinner, drier, less
    resilient, it starts to adhere itself to the underlying muscle tissue. So now when we
    frown the skin gets pulled along with the muscle creating a valley, a line, or a deep
    wrinkle over time.
  • Botox blocks the transmission of signals from nerves to the muscles, by hindering the
    production of the neurotransmitter (the chemical which relays the signals). When
    used for cosmetic purposes this causes the muscle to relax giving it a smoother
    appearance and greatly reducing the appearance of lines and wrinkles
55
Q

hairs

A

pili
produced by cells in the matrix inside hair follicles.
each hair has 2 regions- shaft and root

56
Q

shaft (hair)

A

region exposed above the skin

57
Q

root (hair)

A

region below the skin enclosed by hair follicle

anatomy (8 decks)

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