Tissues

Question 1

Tissues

Answer 1

Cells that are arranged in organized layers

Question 2

4 main tissue categories

Answer 2

Epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle

Question 3

Epithelial tissue

Answer 3

Refers to the sheets of cells that cover exterior surfaces of the body, line internal cavities & passageways, and form certain glands

Question 4

Connective tissue

Answer 4

Binds the cells & organs of the body together & functions in the protection, support, & integration of all parts of the body

Question 5

Muscle tissue

Answer 5

Excitable, responding to stimulation & contracting to provide mvmt, & occurs in 3 types:
1. Skeletal (voluntary)
2. Smooth (internal, hollow organs)
3. Cardiac (heart)

Question 6

Nervous tissue

Answer 6

Excitable, allowing propagation of electrochemical signals in the form of nerve impulses that communicate between diff. regions of the body

Question 7

Simple squamous epithelium

Answer 7

Location: lining of small intestine (lumen); lungs (alveoli)
Job: thin layer, permeable; O2 can freely diffuse into the capillaries

Question 8

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Answer 8

Location: kidney tubules, thyroid gland
Job: thicker than squamous; absorptive & secretory (secretes substances, not mucus); move ions around across the layer

Question 9

Simple columnar epithelium

Answer 9

Bulkiest of cell shapes; more substance & more function; goblet cells, ability to secrete mucus
Job: add mucus to smooth things along
Location: large intestine, large bronchioles

Question 10

Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

Answer 10

Little more protection via bulk
Job: move mucus & other crap up & away from the lungs (delicate structures); contain goblet cells (secrete mucus); cells are ciliated, allow for paddle- like mvmt of unnecessary particles from the trachea

Question 11

Stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 11

Adds substance to areas of lots of friction; found in epidermis (keratinized); stratum corneum

Question 12

Transitional epithelium

Answer 12

Location: urinary bladder & ureters
Job: ability to stretch & flatten out
- stratified & different shaped cells
Apical- squamous-> columnar-> cuboidal- basement

Question 13

Connective tissues

Answer 13

Job: connect things
Cells surrounded by extracellular matrix
Fibers run through ground substance; ground substance is the medium that the cell is in (usually interstitial fluid)

Question 14

4 CT Types

Answer 14

Fibrous, adipose, supportive, fluid

Question 15

Fibrous loose areolar CT

Answer 15

More common; have it everywhere - under skin, around organs; all 3 fiber types, cushion-like

Question 16

Fibrous loose reticular CT

Answer 16

Restricted to lymphatic system; different fiber arrangement- reticular fibers form network; acts like a sponge for lymph fluid

Question 17

Fibrous dense regular CT

Answer 17

Fibers run in a regular pattern (all in the same direction); specializes in tension in one direction
Example: calf to heel

Question 18

Fibrous dense irregular CT

Answer 18

Fibers run in all different directions; needs to withstand being pulled in many different directions
Example: the dermis

Question 19

Adipose CT

Answer 19

Cell type: adipocyte
Highly specialized; store fat/lipids; used for long-term energy storage and for cushioning; plays part in thermoregulation;
Example: in front of kidneys and behind the eyes

Question 20

Supportive bone CT

Answer 20

Cell type: osteocyte
Cell matrix is calcified (minerals are added to make it rigid instead of soup like); balance between mineral deposits and collagen; vascularized tissue

Question 21

Supportive SPONGY bone CT

Answer 21

Find in flat bones (skull); much lighter
Compact bone -> spongy <- compact bone (forms sandwich)

Question 22

Supportive COMPACT bone CT

Answer 22

Trunk arrangement; osteocyte is located in the lacuna; vascularization happens through the central canal

Question 23

Supportive Cartilage CT: hyaline

Answer 23

Cell type: chondrocyte; fine and dispersed fibers and ground substances has a glossy look to it; lagoon (lacuna) surrounds the chondrocyte and secretes ground substance; avascular

Question 24

Supportive cartilage CT: elastic

Answer 24

Can clearly see elastic fibers in the ground substance; allows for some stretchiness; avascular
Example: found in the external inner ear (pinna) and epiglottis

Question 25

Supportive cartilage CT: fibrocartilage

Answer 25

Thick collagen fibers in ground substance; elastic and compressive capability; can withstand pressure; avascular
Example: intravertebral discs in the spine

Question 26

Fluid CT: blood

Answer 26

Matrix of blood is plasma (made up of H2O and proteins/fibers)
3 cells:
-erythrocytes: no nucleus; bags of hemoglobin; delivery cells
-leukocytes (white blood cells): nucleus; main job is immune function
-platelets (thrombocytes- make platelets): cell fragments; helps w/ blood clotting

Question 27

Nervous tissue

Answer 27

Highly cellular material
Cell types: neurons and glial cells
Dendrites = receiving end
Axon = messenger

Question 28

3 types of muscle tissue

Answer 28

Smooth, skeletal, cardiac

Question 29

Skeletal muscle

Answer 29

Multi-nucleate: require a ton of energy and therefore need lots of mitochondria to produce ATP
Elongated, striated; relates to how it shortens itself (shortens in one direction)
Cell type: myocytes (muscle fibers)

Question 30

Cardiac muscle tissue

Answer 30

Presents with a branching pattern- not linear
The heart needs to be able to shorten all the way around, not just in one direction
Cells are much shorter; uninucleate
Striations and intercalated discs (heavy duty cell junctions)

Question 31

Smooth muscle tissue

Answer 31

NO STRIATIONS
Cells are spindle shaped
Either uni- or binucleate
Lines hollow organs