Chapter 1

Question 1

Integumentary system

Answer 1

Job: covering and protecting the body
Organ(s): skin, hair, nails
Regulates: hydration/dehydration, body temperature, vitamin D synthesis

Question 2

Skeletal system

Answer 2

Job: maintains body structure
Organ(s): bones, cartilage, ligaments
Regulates: how we move (mobility), houses special minerals (magnesium), red blood cell formation in red marrow of long bones (femur)

Question 3

Muscular system

Answer 3

Job: act on bones across joints
Organ(s): skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
Regulates: body temperature (retain or expel heat), moves bones

Question 4

Nervous system

Answer 4

Organ(s): CNS - brain and spinal cord; PNS - nerves and ganglia in periphery
Job: fast internal communication via electricity
Regulates: tells muscle to move bone (voluntary) & control heart beating, breathing, digestion, etc. (involuntary)

Question 5

Endocrine system

Answer 5

Job: sends slower, longer acting chemical messages
Organ(s): glands - pituitary, thyroid, etc.
Regulates: internal chemical communication via hormones

Question 6

Cardiovascular system

Answer 6

Job: in charge of transport via the blood
Organ(s): heart, blood vessels
Regulates: distribution of nutrients, oxygen, waste, hormones, electrolytes, heat, carbon dioxide

Question 7

Lymphatic system

Answer 7

Job: circulation of fat-based materials
Organ(s): thymus, spleen, tonsils, nodes
Regulates: aspects of immune function

Question 8

Respiratory system

Answer 8

Job: absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide
Organ(s): lungs
Regulates: obtains oxygen for aerobic cell respiration and expulsion of byproduct (carbon dioxide)

Question 9

Digestive system

Answer 9

Job: nutrient breakdown and absorption to make energy
Organ(s): teeth, tongue, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Regulates: building blocks for other needed macromolecules, vitamin absorption in the large intestine, solid waste disposal

Question 10

Urinary system

Answer 10

Job: liquid waste disposal
Organ(s): kidneys, bladder
Regulates: blood volume and pressure, produce hormone that stimulates red blood cell production, electrolytes balance, pH balance

Question 11

Reproductive system

Answer 11

Job: multiply; start cycle over again
Organ(s): testes, ovaries
Regulates: haploid gametes; single cell -> mitosis -> meiosis = reproduction

Question 12

Cell cycle - G1 phase

Answer 12

“Growth” ; newly arisen cell, just produced by meiosis; grow, develop organelles, performing cellular duty; @ end of phase, 46 chromatin

Question 13

Cell cycle - S phase

Answer 13

“Synthesis”; makes copies of all DNA molecules; aids in minimizing mistakes by becoming chromosomes; @end of S, 92 chromosomes

Question 14

Cell cycle - G2 phase

Answer 14

“Get ready”; uses proteins to get spindle fibers ready for mitosis

Question 15

Cell cycle - M phase

Answer 15

“Mitosis”; Davies up genetic material then split cell in 2 (cytokinesis); comparatively small portion of life cycle

Question 16

Mitosis

Answer 16

Division of 2n nucleus into 2n nuclei; n= set of chromosome; sequence of events to achieve nuclear division

Question 17

Mitosis - prophase

Answer 17

Get organized; chromatin to chromosomes

Question 18

Mitosis - metaphase

Answer 18

Line up everyone across middle

Question 19

Mitosis - anaphase

Answer 19

Spindle fibers @ either pole attach to side of chromosome & retract fibers up/back to respective poles; chr. pulled apart

Question 20

Mitosis - telophase

Answer 20

New nuclear envelope surrounds each set of chromosomes

Question 21

Cell

Answer 21

Smallest structural & functional unit of life
Qualities that constitute life
- growth & development
- reproduction
- metabolism: obtain & use energy
- homeostasis: ability to maintain a stable internal environment
- ability to respond/adapt to the environment

Question 22

Membrane

Answer 22

• Phospholipid bilayer; hydrophobic @ lipid end; prevents mvmt of certain molecules into cell; allows CO2, O2, H2O through the layer
• membrane proteins; allows bigger molecules into cell (glucose);
• glycoproteins; for cell identification; blood type is associated w/ identifying host cell; embedded in membrane
• cholesterol
• sodium/potassium pump
• peripheral membrane protein; relays message to cell from hormones

Question 23

Nucleus

Answer 23

Membrane-bound organelle; contains DNA w/ all instructions for particular cell; pores allow certain thins in & out; chromatin is in loose form except during cell reproduction

Question 24

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 24

Studded pancake; extension of nucleus; protein synthesis happens here; does modifications on proteins that ribosomes synthesize; packages final mods into vesicle & sends it to Golgi apparatus

Question 25

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 25

Extension of nucleus; synthesis happens here; makes mods if ribosomes synthesize a lipid; has role to play in the detoxification of alcohol

Question 26

Golgi apparatus

Answer 26

Separated from rough ER; UPS of the cell; makes last mods -> packages in vesicle -> slaps on zip-code so it knows where to go in the cell

Question 27

Mitochondria

Answer 27

Double layer membrane organelle, has its own DNA; job: aerobic cellular respiration; single cell entities working together to pump out ATP

Question 28

Vacuoles

Answer 28

Used for storage of important minerals; vitamins

Question 29

Lysosomes

Answer 29

Need the trash taken out, go here; pull in things that need to be broken down; full of enzymes; reuse components or fuse to outer membrane to release waste

Question 30

Peroxisomes

Answer 30

Detoxifies materials separately to avoid damage to the cell

Question 31

Protein synthesis

Answer 31

Mature mRNA leaves nucleus core & goes to ribosome & starts matching 3 letter sets; rRNA reads & matches; tRNA is what calls for amino acids