Chapter 1 Flashcards
Integumentary system
Job: covering and protecting the body
Organ(s): skin, hair, nails
Regulates: hydration/dehydration, body temperature, vitamin D synthesis
Skeletal system
Job: maintains body structure
Organ(s): bones, cartilage, ligaments
Regulates: how we move (mobility), houses special minerals (magnesium), red blood cell formation in red marrow of long bones (femur)
Muscular system
Job: act on bones across joints
Organ(s): skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
Regulates: body temperature (retain or expel heat), moves bones
Nervous system
Organ(s): CNS - brain and spinal cord; PNS - nerves and ganglia in periphery
Job: fast internal communication via electricity
Regulates: tells muscle to move bone (voluntary) & control heart beating, breathing, digestion, etc. (involuntary)
Endocrine system
Job: sends slower, longer acting chemical messages
Organ(s): glands - pituitary, thyroid, etc.
Regulates: internal chemical communication via hormones
Cardiovascular system
Job: in charge of transport via the blood
Organ(s): heart, blood vessels
Regulates: distribution of nutrients, oxygen, waste, hormones, electrolytes, heat, carbon dioxide
Lymphatic system
Job: circulation of fat-based materials
Organ(s): thymus, spleen, tonsils, nodes
Regulates: aspects of immune function
Respiratory system
Job: absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide
Organ(s): lungs
Regulates: obtains oxygen for aerobic cell respiration and expulsion of byproduct (carbon dioxide)
Digestive system
Job: nutrient breakdown and absorption to make energy
Organ(s): teeth, tongue, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Regulates: building blocks for other needed macromolecules, vitamin absorption in the large intestine, solid waste disposal
Urinary system
Job: liquid waste disposal
Organ(s): kidneys, bladder
Regulates: blood volume and pressure, produce hormone that stimulates red blood cell production, electrolytes balance, pH balance
Reproductive system
Job: multiply; start cycle over again
Organ(s): testes, ovaries
Regulates: haploid gametes; single cell -> mitosis -> meiosis = reproduction
Cell cycle - G1 phase
“Growth” ; newly arisen cell, just produced by meiosis; grow, develop organelles, performing cellular duty; @ end of phase, 46 chromatin
Cell cycle - S phase
“Synthesis”; makes copies of all DNA molecules; aids in minimizing mistakes by becoming chromosomes; @end of S, 92 chromosomes
Cell cycle - G2 phase
“Get ready”; uses proteins to get spindle fibers ready for mitosis
Cell cycle - M phase
“Mitosis”; Davies up genetic material then split cell in 2 (cytokinesis); comparatively small portion of life cycle
Mitosis
Division of 2n nucleus into 2n nuclei; n= set of chromosome; sequence of events to achieve nuclear division
Mitosis - prophase
Get organized; chromatin to chromosomes
Mitosis - metaphase
Line up everyone across middle
Mitosis - anaphase
Spindle fibers @ either pole attach to side of chromosome & retract fibers up/back to respective poles; chr. pulled apart
Mitosis - telophase
New nuclear envelope surrounds each set of chromosomes
Cell
Smallest structural & functional unit of life
Qualities that constitute life
- growth & development
- reproduction
- metabolism: obtain & use energy
- homeostasis: ability to maintain a stable internal environment
- ability to respond/adapt to the environment
Membrane
- Phospholipid bilayer; hydrophobic @ lipid end; prevents mvmt of certain molecules into cell; allows CO2, O2, H2O through the layer
- membrane proteins; allows bigger molecules into cell (glucose);
- glycoproteins; for cell identification; blood type is associated w/ identifying host cell; embedded in membrane
- cholesterol
- sodium/potassium pump
- peripheral membrane protein; relays message to cell from hormones
Nucleus
Membrane-bound organelle; contains DNA w/ all instructions for particular cell; pores allow certain thins in & out; chromatin is in loose form except during cell reproduction
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Studded pancake; extension of nucleus; protein synthesis happens here; does modifications on proteins that ribosomes synthesize; packages final mods into vesicle & sends it to Golgi apparatus
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Extension of nucleus; synthesis happens here; makes mods if ribosomes synthesize a lipid; has role to play in the detoxification of alcohol
Golgi apparatus
Separated from rough ER; UPS of the cell; makes last mods -> packages in vesicle -> slaps on zip-code so it knows where to go in the cell
Mitochondria
Double layer membrane organelle, has its own DNA; job: aerobic cellular respiration; single cell entities working together to pump out ATP
Vacuoles
Used for storage of important minerals; vitamins
Lysosomes
Need the trash taken out, go here; pull in things that need to be broken down; full of enzymes; reuse components or fuse to outer membrane to release waste
Peroxisomes
Detoxifies materials separately to avoid damage to the cell
Protein synthesis
Mature mRNA leaves nucleus core & goes to ribosome & starts matching 3 letter sets; rRNA reads & matches; tRNA is what calls for amino acids
