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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal System

A

Job: structure and support
Organs: bones, cartilage, ligaments

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2
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

MARROW
Production of RBCs = red bone marrow
Fat storage/long-term energy storage = yellow BM

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3
Q

Where is red marrow located when bones are fully formed

A

Femur, hip bones, some skull bones, and some in sternum

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4
Q

Top end of bone

A

Epiphysis

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5
Q

Bone shaft

A

Diaphysis

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6
Q

Bone type composition

A

25% spongy bone - marrow located here
75% compact bone - no marrow

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7
Q

Where does blood run through an osteon?

A

Central canal (Haversian’s canal)

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8
Q

What are the rings of an osteon called?

A

Lamella

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9
Q

Osteoblast’s job

A

Lays down rings (lamella) and sets up ground substance (osteoid)

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10
Q

How do nutrients from the blood reach the outermost lamella and osteocytes?

A

Canaliculi

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11
Q

Osteocyte’s job

A

Takes care of maintenance inside the osteon

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12
Q

Osteoclast’s job

A

Breaks down bone; macrophage-like cells

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13
Q

Osteogenic cell’s job

A

Bone stem cells

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14
Q

Long bones

A

Any bones where they are longer than they are wide

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15
Q

Short bones

A

About the same long as they are wide
Example: carpals and tarsals

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16
Q

Flat bones

A

**intramembranous ossification
Example: sternum, skull, scapula

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17
Q

Irregular bones

A

Example: hip bones, vertebra

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18
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Small, seed-shaped bone embedded in a tendon; strengthens the tendon and can withstand heavy pressure
Example: patella, “thumb kneecaps”

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19
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A
  1. Structure and support - blob of goo without it
  2. Protection - rib cage and sternum protect the heart and lungs
  3. Storage - fat, minerals (PO4, Ca++, Mg), hematopoiesis (marrow)
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20
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

For flat bones
Lay down membrane model and ossify on either side of it

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21
Q

Endochondral ossification (inside cartilage)

A

For long and short bones
1. Starts as a cartilage model
2. Chondrocytes die and for the medullary cavity (bone marrow here)
3. Osteoblasts invade and starts laying down osteoid and becomes vascularized

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22
Q

Which bone development process is involved in growth?

A

Endochondral ossification - bone chasing cartilage

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23
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage

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24
Q

What are the skull bone categories?

A

Neurocranium - case around the brain; helmet
Facial bones - passageway for air and food

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25
Q

What are the three depressions inside the neurocranium and what part of the brain sits there?

A

Anterior cranial fossa - frontal lobe
Middle cranial fossa - temporal lobe
Posterior cranial fossa - cerebellum and medulla

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26
Q

Frontal bone

A

Forms forehead to top of head - anterior superior portion
Features: glabella, supraorbital foramen,

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27
Q

Glabella

A

Soft spot between eyebrows
Muscles attach here

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28
Q

Supraorbital foramen

A

Passageway for cranial nerves to innervate the faces
Little holes above orbit on brow ridge

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29
Q

Suture

A

Articulation
Knit bones together w/ small fibers

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30
Q

Parietal bones (2 of them)

A

Superior to posterior portion of the neurocranium
Features: temporal lines
Knit together via the sagittal suture

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31
Q

Temporal lines

A

Muscle attachment points on each parietal bone

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32
Q

Occipital bone

A

Posterior, inferior portion of the skull
Features: hypoglossal canal, foramen magnum, jugular foramen, external occipital protuberance, occipital condyles
Knit to the parietal bones via the lambdoid suture

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33
Q

Hypoglossal canal

A

Passageway for hypoglossal nerve (innervate under the tongue) for speech and eating
(Superior view with horizontal plane)

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34
Q

Foramen magnum

A

Large hole on inferior of skull; point that CNS tissue exits the skull and is then considered spinal cord
(Inferior view)

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35
Q

Jugular foramen

A

At junction of occipital bone and temporal bone on the inferior portion of the skull (on both sides); jugular vein/artery/nerve passageway

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36
Q

External occipital protuberance

A

Points of attachment for muscles at the posterior and inferior portion of the occipital bone (large bump)

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37
Q

Temporal bones (2 of them)

A

On either side of the head near the ears
Features: zygomatic process, external/internal acoustic meatus, mastoid process, styloid process, mandibular fossa

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38
Q

Zygomatic process

A

Near the cheek; muscle attachment for zygomaticus (smile muscle)

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39
Q

External acoustic meatus

A

External opening to the ear canal

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40
Q

Mastoid process

A

Behind the ear, protrusion of bone for muscle attachment of sternocleidomastoid muscle

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41
Q

Styloid process

A

Stylus-looking; muscle attachment point inferior to mastoid process for jaw muscles

42
Q

Mandibular fossa

A

Small depression that the mandibular condyle sits in

43
Q

Internal acoustic meatus

A

Internal ear canal
(Superior view with horizontal plane)

44
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

In the anterior cranial fossa; projects downward vertically and sits behind the nasal bone
Features: cribiform foramina, crista galli, ethmoid air cells, perpendicular plate, superior nasal conchae

45
Q

Cribiform foramina

A

Tiny holes that olfactory nerve endings pass through to the superior portion of the nasal cavity

46
Q

Crista galli

A

Attach and anchor the meninges that the brain is inside (dura mater)
Meninges = fibrous membrane that protects brain
Looks like a ridge

47
Q

Ethmoid air cells

A

Honeycomb-looking; known as sinuses
Cleans air as it comes in
Lightens the skull via air pockets

48
Q

Perpendicular plate

A

Superior portion of the nasal septum

49
Q

Superior nasal conchae

A

Lateral to the perpendicular plate and a little posterior
Hooks of bone that warm, moisten, and clean air before it enters the lungs

50
Q

Sphenoid bone

A

Butterfly!
On the interior of the skull and projects horizontally; forms the floor of the neurocranium
Features: greater/lesser wing, sella turcica, hypophyseal fossa, optic foramen

51
Q

Sella turcica

A

Looks like a saddle you’d put on a horse with ridges around it
Pituitary gland sits here in hypophyseal fossa
In the middle of the lesser and greater wings

52
Q

Hypophyseal fossa

A

Deepest part of the sella turcica depression
Where the pituitary gland resides

53
Q

Optic foramen

A

Optic nerve passageway
Superior to the sella turcica (2 little holes)

54
Q

Facial bones

A

14 bones
Provide structure for the face
Establishes airway and food passageways

55
Q

Mandible

A

Large facial bone; only moveable facial bone
Features: mandibular condyles, mandibular fossa, mental foramen, mental protuberance

56
Q

Condyle

A

Extension of bone covered with hyaline cartilage
Less friction during movement

57
Q

Symphysis

A

Joint; where 2 bones fused together

58
Q

Mandibular condyles

A

Extension of mandible that allows for the jaw to move like a hinge joint

59
Q

Mandibular fossa

A

Where jaw connects to the temporal bone

60
Q

Mental foramen

A

Passageway for cranial nerves on mandible

61
Q

Mental protuberance

A

Chin; sticks out a bit

62
Q

Maxilla(e) - 2

A

Bones that make up just above the teeth to just under the orbits
Features: infraorbital foramen

63
Q

Infraorbital foramen

A

Passageways for vasculature & cranial nerves

64
Q

Nasal bones - 2

A

Superior portion of the nose

65
Q

Lacrimal bones - 2

A

Lateral and posterior to nasal bones
Part of the orbit

66
Q

Zygomatic bones - 2

A

Continuous with the zygomatic process of temporal bones to form the cheek bones

67
Q

Orbit bones

A

Zygomatic, maxillae, frontal, lacrimal, ethmoid, sphenoid
Features: orbital fissure, floor of orbit

68
Q

Location in orbit: zygomatic

A

Inferior to lateral

69
Q

Location in orbit: maxillae

A

Anterior, medial

70
Q

Location in orbit: frontal

A

Superior, anterior

71
Q

Location in orbit: lacrimal

A

Inner; medial wall

72
Q

Location in orbit: ethmoid

A

Inner; medial, posterior

73
Q

Location in orbit: sphenoid

A

Inner; most posterior aspect

74
Q

Floor of orbit

A

Made up by: part of palatine bone, maxillae, zygomatic

75
Q

Palatine bones - 2

A

INFERIOR VIEW
Posterior portion of the hard palate

76
Q

Vomer bone - 1

A

Inferior portion of the nasal septum
Plow shape

77
Q

Inferior nasal conchae - 2

A

Lateral to nasal septum
Conch shell swirl looking - cause air pattern to swirl so the air comes into contact with more mucosa before going to the lungs

78
Q

Sinuses - 4 sets

A

Concentrated around the nasal bone
Sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary, frontal
Purpose: lightens the skull, warms and moistens air, create a resonance chamber for voice, crumple feature - punch face, sinus observes blow before the rest of skull

79
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Doesn’t articulate with any other bone; held by stylohyoid muscles
Aids in the swallowing function

80
Q

Vertebral column - backbone

A

Protect spinal cord
26 vertebra

81
Q

How many cervical vertebra are there?

A

7
Breakfast

82
Q

How many thoracic vertebra are there?

A

12
Lunch

83
Q

How many lumbar vertebra are there?

A

5
Dinner

84
Q

Cervical vertebra

A

Thin and stacked tightly together

85
Q

C1

A

Atlas
Articulates with the occipital bone
Allows head to nod up and down

86
Q

C2

A

Axis
Dens - thought to maybe be a part of atlas and evolved to protrude vertically off of axis
Allows head to turn side to side

87
Q

C3-C6

A

Stereotypical cervical vertebra
Body, transverse processes, bifid spinous processes, transverse foramen (passageways for the nerves)

88
Q

C7

A

Vertebra prominens - larger than usual spinous process

89
Q

Thoracic vertebra

A

Transverse facets - smooth section with hyaline cartilage where the ribs articulate with thoracic vertebra
(Superior and inferior)
NO bifid spinous process

90
Q

Lumbar vertebra

A

Noticeably larger and heavier - look at the thickness of the body

91
Q

Sacrum

A

Stronger than lumbar vertebra to get most strength and support weight (5 fused vertebra)
Features: ala, auricular surface, foramina

92
Q

Ala

A

Wing; anterior side of sacrum

93
Q

Auricular surface

A

Looks like ears; posterior side of sacrum

94
Q

Sacral foramina

A

Little foramen; spinal nerves pass through and serve the legs, buttock, and pelvic region

95
Q

Coccyx

A

Between 3 and 5 fused vertebra
Point of fracture and hurts a lot
Finish fusing by the time you are 20

96
Q

What does the thoracic cage consist of?

A

Sternum and ribs

97
Q

Sternum

A

Flat bone that acts as a shield
3 bones fused together = manubrium, body, xiphoid process

98
Q

Manubrium - sternum

A

Triangle shaped
Suprasternal (jugular) notch = v-shaped superior section of manubrium
Clavicular notch (both sides) = articulation between manubrium and clavicle

99
Q

Body - sternum

A

Shield-like, flat bone
Articulate with ribs 3-12

100
Q

Xiphoid process

A

Most inferior portion of the sternum
Looks like a little knob

101
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there and what are the three kinds of ribs?

A

12 pairs of ribs
True ribs (1-7) - direct articulations with sternum
False ribs (8-12) - don’t articulate with sternum
**8, 9, 10 articulate with the rib above them
Floating ribs - only articulate with vertebral column

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (5 decks)

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