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General Anatomy (Year 1) > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hierarchical organisation?

A

Cells —> Tissues —> Organs —> Organ Systems —> Organism

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2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A collection of cells containing a predominant cell type that work together and perform the same function

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3
Q

What is an organ?

A

A collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function

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4
Q

What makes up tissues?

A

Cells + fibres + extracellular substance

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5
Q

What are the 4 basic (primary) tissues?

A

Connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous

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6
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A
  • cells bound tightly together
  • junctional complexes
  • cell rich
  • on the surface
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7
Q

What is epithelial tissue used for?

A
  • protection
  • absorption
  • diffusion
  • forms glands (secretion)
  • lie on a basement membrane
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8
Q

What is connective tissue?

A
  • cells apart from each other
  • spaces filled with fibres + ground substance + fluid = extracellular matrix (ECM)
  • few cells
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9
Q

What is connective tissue used for?

A
  • connects and supports
  • ECM defines structural and functional properties
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10
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A
  • elongated thin cells
  • cytoplasm packed with contractile apparatus
  • shortens lengths, closes down spaces
  • skeletal, smooth, cardiac muscle
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11
Q

What is nerve tissue?

A
  • angular-shaped neurons, with prominent nucleoli + communication processes
  • surrounding small support (satellite) cells
  • receives, generates & transmits electrical signals
  • integrates information
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12
Q

What is nerve tissue used for?

A

Communication

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13
Q

What are the three steps to classify types of epithelium?

A

1.) shape of surface layer of cells - squamous, cuboidal, columnar
2.) number of layers - simple, stratified
3.) cell surface specialisations - cilia, villi, microvilli, keratin

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14
Q

What are the 7 different types of epithelium?

A

1.) simple squamous
2.) stratified squamous
3.) simple cuboidal
4.) stratified cuboidal
5.) simple columnar
6.) pseudostratified columnar
7.) transitional

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15
Q

What is the location of simple epithelium?

A

Generally found inside the body due to the fragile nature

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16
Q

What is the function of simple epithelium?

A

Forms the lining of the body cavities, blood and lymph vessels, ducts, heart and lungs

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17
Q

What is the advantage of simple epithelium being thin?

A

Faster absorption, secretion and filtration

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18
Q

What is the location of stratified epithelium?

A

Skin, oesophagus, secretory glands etc

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19
Q

What is the function of stratified epithelium?

A

Mostly protective

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20
Q

What is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

Secretion and movement

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21
Q

What is the function of transitional epithelium?

A

Permeability barrier and stretchability

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22
Q

Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium found?

A

Trachea

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23
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found?

A

Urinary tract

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24
Q

What are junctional complexes?

A
  • junctions between epithelial cells help keep them close together
  • tight junctions are like a seal between the cells (stop molecules and fluid from getting between the cells)
  • involved in cell signalling
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25
What are the 6 types of junctional complexes?
1.) tight junctions 2.) adherens junctions 3.) desmosomes 4.) gap junctions 5.) hemidesmosomes 6.) focal adhesions
26
Where are cilia found and what are the responsible for?
- found in the respiratory system - responsible for movement of particles
27
Where are microvilli found and what are they responsible for?
- found in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) - responsible for increasing surface area for absorption (brush border)
28
What are the 3 main types of connective tissue?
1.) loose CT - areolar, adipose 2.) dense CT - dense irregular, dense regular 3.) specialised CT - cartilage, bone, blood
29
What is loose (areolar) CT?
An aggregation of loosely arranged fibres and many cells of differing types
30
Where is loose (areolar) CT primarily found?
Beneath epithelia that cover surfaces or line tubes/cavities
31
What is the function of loose (areolar) CT?
- initial site of defence against bacteria - many transient cell types migrate to loose CT from local blood vessels
32
What is loose (adipose) CT?
Specialised loose CT with abundant fat storing adipocytes
33
Where is loose (adipose) tissue mostly found?
- in CT under skin - used for insulation - around organs for protection
34
What does loose (adipose) CT present as in the body?
- white fat (most adult) - brown fat (mostly foetal)
35
What is fat?
Adipose cells in amongst some CT cells and fibres, which gives fat a yellowish colour
36
What is dense irregular CT?
Thick collagen fibres that run in all directions
37
What is the function of dense irregular CT?
Able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength
38
Where is dense irregular CT found?
- dermis of the skin - submucosa of digestive tract - fibrous capsules of organs and of joints
39
What is dense regular CT?
- closely packed collagen fibres all running in the same direction - poorly vascularized
40
What is the function of dense regular CT?
- attaches muscles to bones or to muscles - attached bones to bones - withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction
41
Where is dense regular CT found?
Tendons and ligaments
42
What are the two components of connective tissue?
Cells + extracellular matrix (ECM)
43
What is ECM made of?
- fibres (rope-like) - ground substance (jelly-like) - tissue fluid (liquid)
44
What are the three different types of fibres?
1.) collagen 2.) elastic 3.) reticular
45
What are the two different types on cells in connective tissue?
Fixed cells and transient cells
46
What are the different types of fixed cells?
- fibroblasts - macrophages - adipocytes - mast cells - undifferentiated cells
47
What is the specific type of transient cell?
White blood cells
48
What do fibroblasts do?
Synthesise the extracellular matrix and collagen
49
What are the three types of muscle?
1.) skeletal 2.) cardiac 3.) smooth
50
Where is skeletal muscle found?
Attaches to skeleton voluntary
51
Where is cardiac muscle found?
Found in heart involuntary
52
Where is smooth muscle found?
Found in organs involuntary
53
What is the composition of skeletal muscle?
Striated — highly ordered arrangement of contractile proteins actin & myosin
54
What is the composition of cardiac muscle?
Striated, branched — less highly ordered arrangement of contractile proteins
55
What is the composition of smooth muscle?
Non-striated (smooth) — randomly ordered arrangement of contractile proteins
56
What is the basic unit of nervous tissue?
Neurones
57
What are the 4 regions in neurons?
- cell body (soma) - dendrites - axon - terminals
58
What are the two types of glands?
Exocrine and endocrine
59
What do exocrine glands do?
Remain in contact with epithelium by ducts and secrete into lumen of tubes
60
What do endocrine glands do?
Lose contact with epithelium and secret into blood vessels
61
Are glands unicellular or multicellular?
They can be both Unicellular (goblet cells of trachea) Multicellular (exocrine acini of pancreas, follicles of thyroid gland)
62
How are exocrine glands classified?
1.) number of cells (unicellular & multicellular) 2.) shape (simple - tubular or acinar/alveolar, compound - tubuloacinar) 3.) type of secretion (mucous and serous)
63
What are characteristics of mucous secreting glands?
- secretion rich in proteoglycans - secretion + water gives mucus - pale staining - peripheral flattened nuclei
64
What are characteristics of serous secreting glands?
- watery, enzymes - protein-rich secretion - dark staining - rounded, more central nuclei
65
What are the three mechanisms of exocrine secretion?
1.) merocrine secretion 2.) apocrine secretion 3.) holocrine secretion
66
What do myoepithelial cells do?
- have contractile functions - help in expelling secretions from the lumen of gland secretory units (acini)
67
What type of secretion to endocrine glands perform?
Proteinaceous secretion
68
What are the characteristics of proteinaceous secretion?
- ductless - secrete into surrounding blood vessels

General Anatomy (Year 1) (12 decks)

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