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General Anatomy (Year 1) > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hierarchical organisation?

A

Cells —> Tissues —> Organs —> Organ Systems —> Organism

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2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A collection of cells containing a predominant cell type that work together and perform the same function

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3
Q

What is an organ?

A

A collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function

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4
Q

What makes up tissues?

A

Cells + fibres + extracellular substance

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5
Q

What are the 4 basic (primary) tissues?

A

Connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous

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6
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A
  • cells bound tightly together
  • junctional complexes
  • cell rich
  • on the surface
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7
Q

What is epithelial tissue used for?

A
  • protection
  • absorption
  • diffusion
  • forms glands (secretion)
  • lie on a basement membrane
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8
Q

What is connective tissue?

A
  • cells apart from each other
  • spaces filled with fibres + ground substance + fluid = extracellular matrix (ECM)
  • few cells
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9
Q

What is connective tissue used for?

A
  • connects and supports
  • ECM defines structural and functional properties
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10
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A
  • elongated thin cells
  • cytoplasm packed with contractile apparatus
  • shortens lengths, closes down spaces
  • skeletal, smooth, cardiac muscle
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11
Q

What is nerve tissue?

A
  • angular-shaped neurons, with prominent nucleoli + communication processes
  • surrounding small support (satellite) cells
  • receives, generates & transmits electrical signals
  • integrates information
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12
Q

What is nerve tissue used for?

A

Communication

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13
Q

What are the three steps to classify types of epithelium?

A

1.) shape of surface layer of cells - squamous, cuboidal, columnar
2.) number of layers - simple, stratified
3.) cell surface specialisations - cilia, villi, microvilli, keratin

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14
Q

What are the 7 different types of epithelium?

A

1.) simple squamous
2.) stratified squamous
3.) simple cuboidal
4.) stratified cuboidal
5.) simple columnar
6.) pseudostratified columnar
7.) transitional

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15
Q

What is the location of simple epithelium?

A

Generally found inside the body due to the fragile nature

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16
Q

What is the function of simple epithelium?

A

Forms the lining of the body cavities, blood and lymph vessels, ducts, heart and lungs

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17
Q

What is the advantage of simple epithelium being thin?

A

Faster absorption, secretion and filtration

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18
Q

What is the location of stratified epithelium?

A

Skin, oesophagus, secretory glands etc

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19
Q

What is the function of stratified epithelium?

A

Mostly protective

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20
Q

What is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

Secretion and movement

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21
Q

What is the function of transitional epithelium?

A

Permeability barrier and stretchability

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22
Q

Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium found?

A

Trachea

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23
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found?

A

Urinary tract

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24
Q

What are junctional complexes?

A
  • junctions between epithelial cells help keep them close together
  • tight junctions are like a seal between the cells (stop molecules and fluid from getting between the cells)
  • involved in cell signalling
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25
Q

What are the 6 types of junctional complexes?

A

1.) tight junctions
2.) adherens junctions
3.) desmosomes
4.) gap junctions
5.) hemidesmosomes
6.) focal adhesions

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26
Q

Where are cilia found and what are the responsible for?

A
  • found in the respiratory system
  • responsible for movement of particles
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27
Q

Where are microvilli found and what are they responsible for?

A
  • found in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT)
  • responsible for increasing surface area for absorption (brush border)
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28
Q

What are the 3 main types of connective tissue?

A

1.) loose CT - areolar, adipose
2.) dense CT - dense irregular, dense regular
3.) specialised CT - cartilage, bone, blood

29
Q

What is loose (areolar) CT?

A

An aggregation of loosely arranged fibres and many cells of differing types

30
Q

Where is loose (areolar) CT primarily found?

A

Beneath epithelia that cover surfaces or line tubes/cavities

31
Q

What is the function of loose (areolar) CT?

A
  • initial site of defence against bacteria
  • many transient cell types migrate to loose CT from local blood vessels
32
Q

What is loose (adipose) CT?

A

Specialised loose CT with abundant fat storing adipocytes

33
Q

Where is loose (adipose) tissue mostly found?

A
  • in CT under skin
  • used for insulation
  • around organs for protection
34
Q

What does loose (adipose) CT present as in the body?

A
  • white fat (most adult)
  • brown fat (mostly foetal)
35
Q

What is fat?

A

Adipose cells in amongst some CT cells and fibres, which gives fat a yellowish colour

36
Q

What is dense irregular CT?

A

Thick collagen fibres that run in all directions

37
Q

What is the function of dense irregular CT?

A

Able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength

38
Q

Where is dense irregular CT found?

A
  • dermis of the skin
  • submucosa of digestive tract
  • fibrous capsules of organs and of joints
39
Q

What is dense regular CT?

A
  • closely packed collagen fibres all running in the same direction
  • poorly vascularized
40
Q

What is the function of dense regular CT?

A
  • attaches muscles to bones or to muscles
  • attached bones to bones
  • withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction
41
Q

Where is dense regular CT found?

A

Tendons and ligaments

42
Q

What are the two components of connective tissue?

A

Cells + extracellular matrix (ECM)

43
Q

What is ECM made of?

A
  • fibres (rope-like)
  • ground substance (jelly-like)
  • tissue fluid (liquid)
44
Q

What are the three different types of fibres?

A

1.) collagen
2.) elastic
3.) reticular

45
Q

What are the two different types on cells in connective tissue?

A

Fixed cells and transient cells

46
Q

What are the different types of fixed cells?

A
  • fibroblasts
  • macrophages
  • adipocytes
  • mast cells
  • undifferentiated cells
47
Q

What is the specific type of transient cell?

A

White blood cells

48
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

Synthesise the extracellular matrix and collagen

49
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

1.) skeletal
2.) cardiac
3.) smooth

50
Q

Where is skeletal muscle found?

A

Attaches to skeleton voluntary

51
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

Found in heart involuntary

52
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

Found in organs involuntary

53
Q

What is the composition of skeletal muscle?

A

Striated — highly ordered arrangement of contractile proteins actin & myosin

54
Q

What is the composition of cardiac muscle?

A

Striated, branched — less highly ordered arrangement of contractile proteins

55
Q

What is the composition of smooth muscle?

A

Non-striated (smooth) — randomly ordered arrangement of contractile proteins

56
Q

What is the basic unit of nervous tissue?

A

Neurones

57
Q

What are the 4 regions in neurons?

A
  • cell body (soma)
  • dendrites
  • axon
  • terminals
58
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A

Exocrine and endocrine

59
Q

What do exocrine glands do?

A

Remain in contact with epithelium by ducts and secrete into lumen of tubes

60
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

Lose contact with epithelium and secret into blood vessels

61
Q

Are glands unicellular or multicellular?

A

They can be both

Unicellular (goblet cells of trachea)

Multicellular (exocrine acini of pancreas, follicles of thyroid gland)

62
Q

How are exocrine glands classified?

A

1.) number of cells (unicellular & multicellular)
2.) shape (simple - tubular or acinar/alveolar, compound - tubuloacinar)
3.) type of secretion (mucous and serous)

63
Q

What are characteristics of mucous secreting glands?

A
  • secretion rich in proteoglycans
  • secretion + water gives mucus
  • pale staining
  • peripheral flattened nuclei
64
Q

What are characteristics of serous secreting glands?

A
  • watery, enzymes
  • protein-rich secretion
  • dark staining
  • rounded, more central nuclei
65
Q

What are the three mechanisms of exocrine secretion?

A

1.) merocrine secretion
2.) apocrine secretion
3.) holocrine secretion

66
Q

What do myoepithelial cells do?

A
  • have contractile functions
  • help in expelling secretions from the lumen of gland secretory units (acini)
67
Q

What type of secretion to endocrine glands perform?

A

Proteinaceous secretion

68
Q

What are the characteristics of proteinaceous secretion?

A
  • ductless
  • secrete into surrounding blood vessels

General Anatomy (Year 1) (12 decks)

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