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General Anatomy (Year 1) > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary functions of bones?

A
  • weight bearing/support
  • protection
  • mineral store
  • blood formation (red bone marrow)
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2
Q

What are the different types of bones?

A
  • flat bone (frontal)
  • sutural bone
  • short bone (carpal)
  • irregular bone (vertebra)
  • sesamoid bone (patella)
  • long bone (femur)
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3
Q

What is the basic anatomy of bones?

A
  • compact/cortical born or spongy/trabecular bone
  • blood vessels
  • medullary cavity
  • bone marrow
  • membranes
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4
Q

What are the two membranes present in bones?

A

Periosteum and endosteum

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5
Q

How is compact bone organised?

A
  • circular structures (osteons/Haversian systems)
  • central Haversian canals and horizontal perforating/Volkmann’s canals
  • osteocytes and concentric rings of bone matrix (lamellae) around Haversian canal
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6
Q

What are the other names for spongy bone?

A
  • cancellous
  • trabecular
  • diploe
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7
Q

What are the characteristics of spongy bone/structure?

A
  • less dense than compact bone
  • network of lamellated trabeculae filled with bone marrow
  • no Haversian systems
  • orientation of trabeculae reflect main directions of mechanical forces
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8
Q

What cells are included in bone composition?

A
  • osteoclasts
  • osteoblasts
  • osteocytes
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9
Q

What is the composition of ECM in bones?

A
  • roughly 45% hydroxyapatite crystals (complex form of calcium phosphate)
  • roughly 35% collagen (type 1)
  • roughly 20% water
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10
Q

What do minerals like hydroxyapatite do in bones?

A
  • make bone stiff & able to support structures
  • high strength under compression (like concrete)
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11
Q

What does collagen do in bones?

A
  • gives bone some flexibility & reduces risk of fracture
  • high strength under tension (like steel)
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12
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A
  • large multinucleate cells derived from haematopoietic stem cells (like macrophages)
  • have a “ruffled border” that releases acid to dissolve bone matrix
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13
Q

Where are osteoclasts found?

A

Bone surface

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14
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A

Reabsorb bone matrix

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15
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A
  • immature bone cells created from osteopregenitor cells in periosteum & endosteum
  • become osteocytes once surrounded by matrix
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16
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A
  • produce bone matrix (unmineralised matrix = osteoid)
  • initiate calcification
17
Q

Where are osteocytes found?

A

Inside lacunae

18
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells

19
Q

What is the function of osteocytes?

A
  • not well understood
  • may maintain bone matrix
  • sense mechanical forces
20
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Connect lacunae to each other, which allows for communication between cells

21
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Resorption > formation

22
Q

What is Paget’s disease?

A

Increased resorption/formation

23
Q

What is osteopetrosis?

A

Decreased resorption

24
Q

What is bone mass controlled by?

A

Genes and environment

25
Q

What are the two types of ossification?

A
  • endochondral (most comment type including long bone growth)
  • intramembranous (flat bones of skull, mandible, maxilla, but also long bones)
26
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A
  • bone forms as cartilage “model” first
  • blood vessels invade cartilage
  • cartilage replaced with bone
  • cartilage remains in epiphyseal growth plate
  • growth plate eventually ossifies
27
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A
  • no cartilage “model”!!!!
  • mesenchymal cells develop into osteoprogenitor cells that mature into osteoblasts that start depositing bone
  • residual mesenchymal cells develop blood vessels & bone marrow
  • this bone formation also occurs in adult bone
28
Q

What are the two types of bone growth?

A

Appositional growth and interstitial growth

General Anatomy (Year 1) (12 decks)

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