Tissues

Question 1

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Answer 1

• Closely packed cells in one or several layers
• Has basement membrane anchoring tissue to underlying connective tissue
→ an extracellular structure of protein fibers
• High capacity of renewal by cell division
• Nerve supply but no blood vessels → connective tissue exchange nutrients and wastes

Question 2

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

Answer 2

• 1 layer of cells
• Flat and thin cells → rapid passage through them
• Lines inner surface of blood vessels and alveolar sacs, and lines body cavities

Question 3

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

Answer 3

• Several layers of cells
• Flat and thin cells forming thick layer
• Gives skin protective structure

Question 4

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

Answer 4

• Single layer of cube shaped cells
• Cells carry out active transport, diffusion, or secretion
• Located in glands and their ducts, the brain, bronchioles, and surfaces of the ovaries

Question 5

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

Answer 5

• Single layer but 2 types: cilitated and noncilitated
• Noncilitated: has microvilli and helps with secretion and absorption → lines uterus, stomach, and intestines
• Cilitated: has cillia and help move different things → found in upper respiratory tracts and in central canal

Question 6

GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM

Answer 6

• Forms glands
• Specialized to secrete substances

Question 7

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Answer 7

• Binds, supports, and strengthen other tissues and protects internal organs
• Main site of immune responses and a source of stored energy reservior
• Consists of ground substance = hyaluronic acid + water; fibers, and cells

Question 8

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Answer 8

• Fibers loosely arranged between the cells
• Areolar tissue*: consists of collagen, elastic and reticular fibers synthesized by fibroblasts; holds organs in place giving strength, elasticity, and support
• Adipose tissue: consists of adipocytes which are cells storing fat; found in deepest layer of skin, around the heart and the kidneys; and it reduces heat loss through skin, serves as energy reserve, supports and protects organs

Question 9

DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Answer 9

• More and thicker fibers packed closer together
• Supports and protects organs; and are active in healing process of a wound
• Connects muscles to bones as tendons or ligaments
• 2 types: regular and irregular

Question 10

CARTILAGE

Answer 10

• Dense network of fibers
• Has chondroblasts maturing into chondrocytes

Question 11

BONE TISSUE

Answer 11

• Contains 3 cells spread in extracellular matrix: osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts and osteogenic stem cells
• Osteogenic → osteoblasts produce collagen → osteocytes, main bone cells and store calcium
• Osteoclasts are related to white blood cells and repair, develop, and maintain bone
• 2 types of tissue: compact and spongy (lighter)
• Found in skeleton

Question 12

LIQUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE (blood)

Answer 12

• Consists mainly of water, but also nutrients, waste, enzymes, hormones, respiratory gases, and ions
• 3 cell types: erythrocytes = red blood cells transporting O2 and CO2; thrombocytes = white blood cells participating in immune system; leucocytes = platelets involved in blood clotting
• Found in blood vessels in the whole body

Question 13

MUSCULAR TISSUE

Answer 13

Consists of muscle fibers and have contractile myofilaments → actin and myosin

Question 14

SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE

Answer 14

• Structure: long and spindle shaped cell with a nucleus in the middle
• Function: regulates size of organs, forces fluid through tubes, and make goose bumps on skin
• Location: in iris, walls of blood vessels, and along stomach and intestines

Question 15

CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE

Answer 15

• Structure: straited, long and branched with 1-2 nuclei in the middle
• Function: preforms coordinated contractions of the heart
• Location: the heart

Question 16

SKELETAL MUSLE TISSUE

Answer 16

• ** Structure:** long (up to 50 cm) and can contain hundreds of nudei
• Function: responsible for voluntary movements and reflexes of body parts
• Location: attached to bones for skeletal movements

Question 17

NERVOUS TISSUE

Answer 17

Two different groups: neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglial cells

Question 18

ASTROCYTES

Answer 18

• Glial cell in CNS
• Protects, supports, and helps metabolism of the neurons
• Isolates synapses and maintains the chemical environment as well as regulating synaptic activity

Question 19

MICROGLIAL

Answer 19

• Neurogia in the CNS
• Protect neurons by becoming phagocytic
• Phagocytize microbes and other foreign substances
•

Question 20

OLIGODENDROCYTE

Answer 20

• Neuroglida in the CNS
• Supports and insulates axons by producing myelin
• Maintains myelin sheaths around several adjacent axons

Question 21

EPENDYMAL CELL

Answer 21

• Neuroglida in the CNS
• Line the central canal and cavities in the brain
• Produce cerebrospinal fluid

Question 22

SCHWANN CELL

Answer 22

• Neuroglida in PNS
• Produce myelin sheath around a single axon → wrap their membrane around the axon

Question 23

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

Answer 23

• Secretes hormones
• Secretion goes to extracellular fluid and diffuses into the blood

Question 24

EXOCRINE GLANDS

Answer 24

• Secretes substances through ducts onto surface of the body
• Example: *sweat, tears, saliva, milk, and digestive juices

Question 25

HYALINE CARTILAGE

Answer 25

• Cover ends of bones forming joints • Provides flexibility making it possible to preform pressured and strong movements • Example: connecting costae to sternum making ribcage able to extend when breathing

Question 26

ELASTIC CARTILAGE

Answer 26

• Contains *elastic fibers* • Strong and flexible • Found in ears and epiglottis

Question 27

FIBROCARTILAGE

Answer 27

• Contains thick bundles of *collagen* • Offers support and joins structures together • Found in between vertebrae as discs, and in knee and elbow joint

Question 28

NEURON-Structure

Answer 28

• **Dentrites** - recieve signals/impulses and send them further through the cell • **Cell body** - with organellis and **1 nucleus** • **Axon** - leads impulses from cell body **Terminals** - at the end of axon; *synapse* on another neuron, muscle cell, or gland cells → sending signals further • **Myelin sheath** - speed up impulses by creating spaces between sheaths, **node of Ranvier**, where impulses can jump between; small neurons or neurons that don't have to send fast impulses may not have myelin

Question 29

NEURON - Function

Answer 29

• Communication between different body parts - signals are sent all the time • Communication between the body and it's environment - senses detect changes in environment → adjustments if needed