Tissues Flashcards
Group of cells of common embryonic origin
Tissues
4 Basic types of tissue
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Tissues are formed by grouping cells together using a variety of _____________
Intercellular junction
Intracellular junctions that are found where a leakproof seal is needed between cells
Tight junction
Intracellular junction that make an adhesion belt (plaque) that keeps tissues from separating as they stretch and contract
Adherens Junctions
_________ attach to the plaque, partially cross the intercellular space, and connect _______ from an adjacent cells
Cadherin (transmembrane protein)
Intracellular junction that similar to an adherens junction, but the plaque does not attach to microfilaments, rather attaches to intermediate filaments
Desmosomes
“Half-desmosomes”
Transmembrane glycoprotein called integrins replace the cadherins and attach to the basement membrane
Hemidesmosomes
Intracellular junction that has transmembrane proteins called connexins form channels (connexons)
Gap junction
4 Basic tissues
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Used to line surfaces and form protective barriers
Epithelium
Basal layer of the epithelium secretes _________
Underlying C.T. secretes __________
Basal lamina
Reticular lamina
Functions of epithelial tissue
Protection Filtration Secretion Absorption Excretion
Flat, wide “paving stone” cells
Squamous
Cells as tall as they are wide
Cuboidal
Cells taller than they are wide
Columnar
One layer
Simple
Appears to have layers, all cells attached to basement membrane, but some do not extend to the apical surface
Pseudostratified
Two or more layers. Only basal layer in contact with basement membrane
Stratified
Single layer of flat cells found in air sacs of lungs, blood vessels, or serous membrane
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Single layer of cube shaped cells often found lining the tubules of the kidneys and other glands
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Single layer of column-like cells with mucous (goblet cells)
Simple Columnar Epithelium
All cells are attached to the basement membrane in a single layer but some do not extend to the apical surface
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Distinguishing feature of Keratinized and nonkeratinized
Presence of cell nuclei
Apical surface made up of two or more layers of cube shaped cells that found in the duct of sweat glands and esophageal glands
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Change shape depending on the state of stretch in the tissue that are found in bladder
Transitional Epithelium
Specialized simple squamous epithelium that lines the entire circulatory system from the heart to the smallest capillary
Endothelium
Found in serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum
Mesothelium
Single or group of cells that secrete substances into a duct, onto a surface or into the blood
Gland
Glandular epithelium that secrete to surface or lumen, have duct
Exocrine
Glandular epithelium that secrete to extracellular space which is ductless, hormones
Endocrine
The most common manner of secretion of Exocrine gland
Merocrine
Exocrine gland that “bud” their secretions off through the plasma membrane, “decapitation”
Apocrine glands
Exocrine gland that is produced by rupture of the plasma membrane, leasing the entire cellular contents into the lumen and killing the cell
Holocrine secretions
Connective tissue consists of ______
Extracellular matrix
- Ground substance
- Protein fibers
Composed of water and an assortment of large molecules that determine the quality of the tissue
Ground substances
Connective tissue cells arise from ________, which is an embryonic connective tissue
Mesenchyme
Immature cells end in _____
-blast
Mature cells end in ________
-cyte
Most common cell of connective tissue in general
Fibroblast
Develop from monocytes, irregularly shaped, having filopodia, engage in phagocytosis
Macrophages
Macrophages by other names in liver
Kupffer cells
Macrophages by other name in skin and lymph nodes
Langerhans cells
Macrophages by other name in bone
Osteoclasts
Macrophages by other name in lungs
Alveolar macrphage
Macrophages by other name in blood
Monocytes
Macrophages by other name in central nervous system
Microglia
From B lymphocytes, secrete antibody, accumulate in infected connective tissue
Plasma cells
Abundant alongside blood vessels of connective tissue, can be phagocytic
Mast cells
Stored in these granules in mast cells:
- Heparin
- Histamines
- NCF / ECF
Is called
Primary mediators
Mast cells that are synthesized ‘on the spot’ and used immediately
- leukotrienes
- cytokines
Secondary mediators
Large, spherical, signet-ring shaped, synthesizes and store lipid, vacuole of fat
Adipose cells
Extremely rare malignant tumor of glandular epithelial tissue of digestive organs
Signet ring adenocarcinoma
White blood cells, not found in normal connective tissue
Leukocytes
3 types of connective tissue fibers
Collagen, elastic, reticular
Abundant throughout the body, inelastic, flexible, tensile strength, parallel bundles
Collagen fibers
Small, branching fibers, distensible, form network within tissues, found in skin, walls of blood vessels, lung tissue
Elastic fibers
Fine bundles of collagen coated with glycoprotein, fibers much thinner than collagen fibers
Forming the stroma (reticulum) of soft organs such as spleen and lymph nodes
Reticular fibers
Embryonic connective tissue
Mesenchyme
Mucous connective tissue
Mature connective tissue
Loose, dense, cartilage
3 types of Loose connective tissue
Areolar, adipose, reticular
3 types of dense connective tissue
Regular, irregular, elastic
Pleuripotent cell; all other connective tissues eventually arise from ________
Mesenchyme
Variant of mesenchyme containing widely scattered fibroblasts, more viscous jelly-like ground substance, found in umbilical cord of fetus
Mucous connective tissue
Deep to skin and mesothelial lining of the internal body cavities
Characterized by abundance of ground substance and ECF
Loose connective tissue
Most widely distributed connective tissues in the body
form the subcutaneous layer
Areolar connective tissue
Vascularized, found in wherever areolar connective tissue is located, derived from fibroblasts, energy reserve
Adipose connective tissue
Consists of find interlacing reticular fibers and cells, forms stroma of liver, spleen, lymph nodes
Remove worn out red blood cells, filter lymph, and remove bacteria
Reticular connective tissue
Found in parts subject to tensive forces, more fibers than cells
Dense connective tissue
Bundles of collagen fibers regularly arranged in parallel patterns, tensile strength in directions
Tendons, ligaments
Dense regular connective tissue
Not arranged in parallel, pulling forces in various directions
Dermis of skin, periosteum, pericardium, heart valves
Dense irregular connective tissue
Consists predominantly of branching elastic fibers, elasticity
found in lung, blood vessel
Elastic connective tissue
Flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body
Membrane
Epithelial tissue + connective tissue = __________
Epithelial membrane
3 types of epithelial membrane
Mucous, serous, cutaneous
Membrane that opens directly to the exterior
Mucous secreting cells are common
Found in digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract
Mucous membranes
Mucous membrane consist of
epithelium and lamina propria
Membrane that does not open directly to the exterior
Secretions reduce friction between neighboring fluid
Have parietal, visceral layer
Serous membranes
Serous membranes consist of
Areolar connective tissue covered by mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
Epithelial membrane of skin
Cutaneous membranes
Membranes that line the cavities of freely moveable joints, do not have epithelial layer
Synovial membranes
Synovial membranes are composed of
Synoviocyte, areola & adipose connective tissue
Disease in which the body produces antibodies that fail to distinguish self from non-self, and attach the body’s own tissues
Autoimmune disorders
A decrease in the size of the cells, with consequent decrease in the size of the affected tissue or organ
Atrophy
Removal of a sample of living tissue for microscopic examination to help diagnose disease
Biopsy
Increase in the size of a tissue due to enlargement of cells without cell division
Hypertrophy
A connective tissue disorder transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. The fibrillin gene is defective, resulting in abnormal development of elastic fibers. Structures most affected are the periosteum, suspensory ligaments of the eye, and walls of large arteries.
Marfan syndrome
An immune response of the body directed at foreign proteins in a transplanted tissue or organ
Tissue rejection
Replacement of a diseased or injured tissue or organ
Tissue transplantation
The replacement of a diseased or injured tissue or organ with cells or tissues from an animal
Xenotransplantation