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A&P1 BLOCK 1 > Cell > Flashcards

Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryotic cells are composed of 3 main parts

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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2
Q

Forms the cell’s outer boundary and separates the cell’s internal environment from the outside

A

Plasma membrane

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3
Q

Contains all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

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4
Q

Large organelle that contains DNA molecules called chromosomes

A

Nucleus

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5
Q

Subcellular structures embedded in the cytosol

A

Organelles

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6
Q

“A phospholipid bilayer with associated integral and peripheral proteins”

A

Plasma membrane

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7
Q

They resemble a sea of phospholipids with protein “icebergs” floating in it

A

Fluid mosaic model

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8
Q

Form a lipid bilayer - choloesterol and glycolipids (sugar-lipids) also contribute

A

Phospholipids

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9
Q

Extend into or go completely through the bilayer

A

Integral proteins

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10
Q

Attach to the inner or outer surface but do not extend through the membrane

A

Peripheral proteins

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11
Q

Membrane proteins with a carbohydrate group attached that protrude into the extracellular fluid

A

Glycoproteins

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12
Q

Membrane lipids with a carbohydrate group attached

A

Glycolipids

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13
Q

The lipid bilayer consist of

A

Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Glycolipids

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14
Q

Allow specific ion to move through water-filled pore

A

Ion channels

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15
Q

Carries specific substances across membrane by changing shape

A

Carriers

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16
Q

Recognize specific ligand and alters cell’s function in some way

A

Receptor

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17
Q

Catalyzes reaction inside or outside cell

A

Enzymes

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18
Q

Anchors filaments inside and outside the plasma membrane, providing structural stability and shape for the cell

A

Linkers

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19
Q

Distinguishes cells from anyone else’s

A

Cell identity markers

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20
Q

“Sugary coating” surrounding the membrane

A

Glycocalyx

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21
Q

Differences of attributes in one place vs a different place

A

Gradients

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22
Q

The attribute is concentration of a chemical

A

Concentration gradient

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23
Q

Attribute is electrical charges

A

Electrical gradient

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24
Q

Combined both concentration / electrical gradient

A

Electrochemical gradient

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25
Q

Passive processes

A 
Diffusion
-simple diffusion
-osmosis
-facilitated diffusion
Filtration
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26
Q

Active processes

A 
Active transport
-primary active transport
-secondary active transport
Bulk transport (vesicular transport)
-exocytosis
-endocytosis
-transcytosis
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27
Q

Passive spread of particles through random motion from high to low concentration

A

Diffusion

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28
Q

Diffusion of solvent (water) through a semipermeable membrane

A

Osmosis

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29
Q

Measure of a solution’s ability to change a cell’s water content by induction of osmosis

A

Tonicity

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30
Q

Equal concentration of osmotically active solutes

A

Isotonic

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31
Q

Lower concentration than the cell, so water moves into the cell

A

Hypotonic solution

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32
Q

Higher concentration, water moves out of cell

A

Hypertonic solution

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33
Q

The solute binds to a protein carrier on one side of the membrane and is released on the other side after the transporter undergoes a change in shape

A

Facilitated diffusion

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34
Q

Carry two substances across the membrane in opposite direction

A

Antiporters

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35
Q

Carry two substances across the membrane in the same direction

A

Symporters

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36
Q

Small spherical sac formed by budding off from a membrane

A

Vesicle

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37
Q

Material move into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane

A

Endocytosis

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38
Q

Vesicle fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing contents into the extracellular fluid

A

Exocytosis

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39
Q

A combination of endocytosis and exocytosis

A

Transcytosis

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40
Q

Highly selective type of endocytosis

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

41
Q

Cell eating, engulf large solid particles such as worn out cells, bacteria, virus

A

Phagocytosis

42
Q

Cell drinking, pinocytosis, “sip” of extracellular fluid

A

Bulk-phase endocytosis

43
Q

Reverse in endocytosis

A

Exocytosis

44
Q

Uses vesicles to move substances into, across, and out of a cell

A

Transcytosis

45
Q

Intracellular fluid, surrounding the organelles

A

Cytosol

46
Q

Specialized structure within the cell

A

Organelles

47
Q

Structural framework for the cell

A

Cytoskeleton

48
Q

Cytoskeleton composed of

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

49
Q

Relaxed, uncoiled chromosomes of the interphase nucleus

A

Chromatin

50
Q

Largest, most prominent organelle

A

Nucleus

51
Q

Double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

A

Nuclear envelope

52
Q

Numerous openings in the nuclear envelop

A

Nuclear pores

53
Q

Spherical body that produces ribosomes

A

Nucleolus

54
Q

Cell’s heredity units

A

Genes

55
Q

Long molecule of DNA combined with protein molecules

A

Chromosomes

56
Q

Produces both ribosomal subunits

A

Nucleolus

57
Q

Where amino acids are assembled into proteins
Produced in nucleolus, stored in cytoplasm
“Sites of protein synthesis”

A

Ribosomes

58
Q

Joins the amino acids to form a polypeptide chain

A

Large ribosomal subunit

59
Q

Initiates translation, recruits the large ribosomal subunit, and reads the mRNA

A

Small ribosomal subunit

60
Q

Extensive network of membranes running throughout the cell

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

61
Q

ER with ribosomes, linear

A

Rough ER

62
Q

ER without ribosomes and a network of tubules

A

Smooth ER

63
Q

Stack of -20 flattened, membrane enclosed sacs

A

Cisternae

64
Q

Transport vesicles arriving from the RER fuse

A

cis face of the Golgi

65
Q

Secretory vesicles, lysosomes, and peroxisomes bud

A

trans face

66
Q

“Packaging and export mechanism for the cell”

A

Golgi complex

67
Q

“The powerhouse of the cell”
Self-replication
Most of the cell’s ATP is produced

A

Mitochondria

68
Q

Vesicles that form from the Golgi complex and contain powerful digestive

A

Lysosomes

69
Q

Digestion of worn-out organelles

A

Autophagy

70
Q

Digestion of the entire cell

A

Autolysis

71
Q

Detoxify several toxic substances

Abundant in the liver

A

Peroxisomes

72
Q

Continuously degrade unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins

Found in the cytosol and the nucleus

A

Proteasomes

73
Q

Membranous sacs within the cytoplasm of cells

A

Vacuoles

74
Q

Located near the nucleus

Assembly of microtubules

A

Centrosomes

75
Q

Short, hair-like projections from the cell surface

Move fluids along a cell surface

A

Cilia

76
Q

Longer than cilia, move an entire cell

Sperm cell’s tail

A

Flagella

77
Q

A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled or abnormal cell proliferation

A

Cancer

78
Q

Excess tissue that develops as the result of cancer

A

Tumor or neoplasm

79
Q

Medical study of tumors

A

Oncology

80
Q

A cancerous neoplasm that tends to metastasize

A

Malignancy

81
Q

The spread of cancerous cells to the other parts of the body

A

Metastasis

82
Q

A neoplasm that does not metastasize

A

Benign tumor

83
Q

Malignant tumors that arise from epithelial cells

A

Carcinoma

84
Q

Cancerous growths of melanocytes

A

Melanoma

85
Q

Any cancer arising from muscle cells or connective tissues

A

Sarcoma

86
Q

A cancer of bone

A

Osteogenic sarcoma

87
Q

A cancer of blood-forming organs characterized by rapid growth of abnormal leukocytes

A

Leukemia

88
Q

A malignant disease of lymphatic tissue

A

Lymphoma

89
Q

The science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur, and how they are transmitted in a human community

A

Epidemiology

90
Q

The science of the effects and uses of drugs in disease treatment

A

Pharmacology

91
Q

A decrease in the size of cells with consequent decrease in size of the affected tissue or organ

A

Atrophy

92
Q

Alteration in the size, shape, and organization of cells due to chronic irritation or inflammation; may progress to neoplasia if the conditions persist, or revert to normal if the irritation is removed

A

Dysplasia

93
Q

An increase in the number of cells of a tissue due to an increase in the frequency of cell division

A

Hyperplasia

94
Q

An increase in the size of cells without cell division

A

Hypertrophy

95
Q

The transformation of one cell type into another

A

Metaplasia

96
Q

Offspring, or descendants

A

Progency

97
Q

The study of the proteome (all of an organism’s proteins)

A

Proteomics

98
Q

A substance introduced into circulation by tumor cells that indicates the presence of a tumor, as well as it’s specific type; may be used to screen, diagnose, and evaluate a response to treatment, and monitor for recurrence of the cancer

A

Tumor marker

A&P1 BLOCK 1 (4 decks)

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