Cell Flashcards
Eukaryotic cells are composed of 3 main parts
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Forms the cell’s outer boundary and separates the cell’s internal environment from the outside
Plasma membrane
Contains all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
Cytoplasm
Large organelle that contains DNA molecules called chromosomes
Nucleus
Subcellular structures embedded in the cytosol
Organelles
“A phospholipid bilayer with associated integral and peripheral proteins”
Plasma membrane
They resemble a sea of phospholipids with protein “icebergs” floating in it
Fluid mosaic model
Form a lipid bilayer - choloesterol and glycolipids (sugar-lipids) also contribute
Phospholipids
Extend into or go completely through the bilayer
Integral proteins
Attach to the inner or outer surface but do not extend through the membrane
Peripheral proteins
Membrane proteins with a carbohydrate group attached that protrude into the extracellular fluid
Glycoproteins
Membrane lipids with a carbohydrate group attached
Glycolipids
The lipid bilayer consist of
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Glycolipids
Allow specific ion to move through water-filled pore
Ion channels
Carries specific substances across membrane by changing shape
Carriers
Recognize specific ligand and alters cell’s function in some way
Receptor
Catalyzes reaction inside or outside cell
Enzymes
Anchors filaments inside and outside the plasma membrane, providing structural stability and shape for the cell
Linkers
Distinguishes cells from anyone else’s
Cell identity markers
“Sugary coating” surrounding the membrane
Glycocalyx
Differences of attributes in one place vs a different place
Gradients
The attribute is concentration of a chemical
Concentration gradient
Attribute is electrical charges
Electrical gradient
Combined both concentration / electrical gradient
Electrochemical gradient
Passive processes
Diffusion -simple diffusion -osmosis -facilitated diffusion Filtration
Active processes
Active transport -primary active transport -secondary active transport Bulk transport (vesicular transport) -exocytosis -endocytosis -transcytosis
Passive spread of particles through random motion from high to low concentration
Diffusion
Diffusion of solvent (water) through a semipermeable membrane
Osmosis
Measure of a solution’s ability to change a cell’s water content by induction of osmosis
Tonicity
Equal concentration of osmotically active solutes
Isotonic
Lower concentration than the cell, so water moves into the cell
Hypotonic solution
Higher concentration, water moves out of cell
Hypertonic solution
The solute binds to a protein carrier on one side of the membrane and is released on the other side after the transporter undergoes a change in shape
Facilitated diffusion
Carry two substances across the membrane in opposite direction
Antiporters
Carry two substances across the membrane in the same direction
Symporters
Small spherical sac formed by budding off from a membrane
Vesicle
Material move into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane
Endocytosis
Vesicle fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing contents into the extracellular fluid
Exocytosis
A combination of endocytosis and exocytosis
Transcytosis
Highly selective type of endocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Cell eating, engulf large solid particles such as worn out cells, bacteria, virus
Phagocytosis
Cell drinking, pinocytosis, “sip” of extracellular fluid
Bulk-phase endocytosis
Reverse in endocytosis
Exocytosis
Uses vesicles to move substances into, across, and out of a cell
Transcytosis
Intracellular fluid, surrounding the organelles
Cytosol
Specialized structure within the cell
Organelles
Structural framework for the cell
Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton composed of
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Relaxed, uncoiled chromosomes of the interphase nucleus
Chromatin
Largest, most prominent organelle
Nucleus
Double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
Nuclear envelope
Numerous openings in the nuclear envelop
Nuclear pores
Spherical body that produces ribosomes
Nucleolus
Cell’s heredity units
Genes
Long molecule of DNA combined with protein molecules
Chromosomes
Produces both ribosomal subunits
Nucleolus
Where amino acids are assembled into proteins
Produced in nucleolus, stored in cytoplasm
“Sites of protein synthesis”
Ribosomes
Joins the amino acids to form a polypeptide chain
Large ribosomal subunit
Initiates translation, recruits the large ribosomal subunit, and reads the mRNA
Small ribosomal subunit
Extensive network of membranes running throughout the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
ER with ribosomes, linear
Rough ER
ER without ribosomes and a network of tubules
Smooth ER
Stack of -20 flattened, membrane enclosed sacs
Cisternae
Transport vesicles arriving from the RER fuse
cis face of the Golgi
Secretory vesicles, lysosomes, and peroxisomes bud
trans face
“Packaging and export mechanism for the cell”
Golgi complex
“The powerhouse of the cell”
Self-replication
Most of the cell’s ATP is produced
Mitochondria
Vesicles that form from the Golgi complex and contain powerful digestive
Lysosomes
Digestion of worn-out organelles
Autophagy
Digestion of the entire cell
Autolysis
Detoxify several toxic substances
Abundant in the liver
Peroxisomes
Continuously degrade unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins
Found in the cytosol and the nucleus
Proteasomes
Membranous sacs within the cytoplasm of cells
Vacuoles
Located near the nucleus
Assembly of microtubules
Centrosomes
Short, hair-like projections from the cell surface
Move fluids along a cell surface
Cilia
Longer than cilia, move an entire cell
Sperm cell’s tail
Flagella
A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled or abnormal cell proliferation
Cancer
Excess tissue that develops as the result of cancer
Tumor or neoplasm
Medical study of tumors
Oncology
A cancerous neoplasm that tends to metastasize
Malignancy
The spread of cancerous cells to the other parts of the body
Metastasis
A neoplasm that does not metastasize
Benign tumor
Malignant tumors that arise from epithelial cells
Carcinoma
Cancerous growths of melanocytes
Melanoma
Any cancer arising from muscle cells or connective tissues
Sarcoma
A cancer of bone
Osteogenic sarcoma
A cancer of blood-forming organs characterized by rapid growth of abnormal leukocytes
Leukemia
A malignant disease of lymphatic tissue
Lymphoma
The science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur, and how they are transmitted in a human community
Epidemiology
The science of the effects and uses of drugs in disease treatment
Pharmacology
A decrease in the size of cells with consequent decrease in size of the affected tissue or organ
Atrophy
Alteration in the size, shape, and organization of cells due to chronic irritation or inflammation; may progress to neoplasia if the conditions persist, or revert to normal if the irritation is removed
Dysplasia
An increase in the number of cells of a tissue due to an increase in the frequency of cell division
Hyperplasia
An increase in the size of cells without cell division
Hypertrophy
The transformation of one cell type into another
Metaplasia
Offspring, or descendants
Progency
The study of the proteome (all of an organism’s proteins)
Proteomics
A substance introduced into circulation by tumor cells that indicates the presence of a tumor, as well as it’s specific type; may be used to screen, diagnose, and evaluate a response to treatment, and monitor for recurrence of the cancer
Tumor marker
