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Year 1-Mubarak-Tissue > Tissues 1: Epithelial cells > Flashcards

Tissues 1: Epithelial cells Flashcards

1
Q

Define Cytoskeleton

A

A system of filaments formed by the polymerisation of protein monomers

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2
Q

Summarise the 3 main components which constitute the cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules Intermediate Filaments Microfilaments.

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3
Q

How are microtubules formed?

A

Polymers of a and b tubulin heterodimers, ~20nm thick.

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4
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A

Involved in cell shape, and act as “tracks” for the movement of organelles and other cytoplasmic components within the cell.

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5
Q

What is the major component of cilia and flagellae

A

Microtubules

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6
Q

Where are microtubules located within a cell

A

add pic

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7
Q

What is the Microtubule organising centre (MTOC)

A

The microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) is a structure found in eukaryotic cells from which microtubules emerge. MTOCs have two main functions: the organization of eukaryotic flagella and cilia and the organization of the mitotic and meiotic spindle apparatus, which separate the chromosomes during cell division.

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8
Q

What constitute of the cytoskeleton forms the mitotic spindle

A

Microtubules form the mitotic spindle The microtubular mitotic spindle is the target for many antimitotic cancer drugs

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9
Q

What is an Intermediate filament?

A

A group of polymers of filamentous proteins which form rope-like filaments, with diameter in the range 10-15 nm. `

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10
Q

What is the function of Intermediate filaments

A

IFs give mechanical strength to cells. Desmosome cell-cell adhesions are connected by intermediate filaments

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11
Q

Why can Intermediate Filaments be used to differentiate between cell types?

A

The type of IF a cell has is characteristic of cell type, epithelia have cytokeratins; mesenchymal cells have vimentin; neurones have neurofilament protein. muscle cells have desmin.

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12
Q

What part of the nuclear envelope is made up of Intermediate Filaments and what is the function of this structure made up of IFs?

A

Nuclear lamins (mentioned earlier) are intermediate filaments found forming a network on the internal surface of the nuclear envelope, being involved in stabilising the envelope.

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13
Q

Where are intermediate filaments located within a cell?

A

add pic

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14
Q

What are Microfilaments?

A

Polymers of the globular protein, actin; associate with adhesion belts in epithelia and endothelia, and with other plasma membrane proteins. 5-9nm diameter

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15
Q

What are Microfilaments made up of?

A

Polymers of the globular protein, actin;

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16
Q

What is the function of Microfilaments?

A

Involved in cell shape and cell movement (crawling of cells; cell contractility esp. muscle).

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17
Q

Name an accessory protein which is assciated with microfilaments?

A

Accessory proteins, e.g. myosin, act with actin to control actin organisation and cell movement.

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18
Q

What is the monomer for Actin filaments?

A

Monomer = globular actin, G-actin

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19
Q

What type of actin makes up microfilaments?

A

Microfilaments = filamentous actin, F-actin

20
Q

Where is microfilaments located in a cell?

A

Typically present in the cortical (peripheral) regions of a cell. add pic

21
Q

List the main cell type groups?

A

Epithelial

Mesenchymal

Haematopoetic

Neural

22
Q

What are epithelial cells

A

cells forming continuous layers, these layers line surfaces and separate tissue compartments and have a variety of other functions.

23
Q

What are nueral cells and what are the two main types of nueral cells?

A

cells of the nervous system having two main types; neurones (carry electrical signals) and glial cells (support cells).

24
Q

What are Haematopoietic cells?

A

Haematopoietic cells: blood cells, tissue-resident immune cells, and the cells of the bone marrow from which they are derived.

25
Q

Name some examples of Contractile tissues?

A

Contractile tissues: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle.

26
Q

Name some examples of connective tissue cells?

A

fibroblasts (many tissues), chondrocytes (cartilage), osteocytes (bone).

27
Q

What is the originating cell type for Carcinomas

A

epithelial cells

28
Q

What is the originating cell type for sarcomas?

A

mesenchymal (connective tissue and muscle)

29
Q

What does mesenchymal mean?

A

(connective tissue and muscle)

30
Q

What is the originating cell type for luekaemias ?

A

Bone marrow cells

31
Q

What is the originating cell type for lymphomas?

A

from lymphocytes

32
Q

What are the originating cell type for nueroblastomas?

A

from neurones

33
Q

What are the originating cell types for gliomas

A

glial cells

34
Q

Define tissue

A

a group or groups of cells whose type, organisation and architecture are integral to its function

35
Q

What are the main components of tissue?

A

tissues are made up of cells, extracellular matrix and fluid

36
Q

What is key to the formation and maintainance of epithelial layers?

A

cell-cell junctions key to the formation and maintenance of epithelial layers

37
Q

What is the function of cell-cell junctions

A

They give epithelia mechanical integrity and act to seal the intercellular pathways of the layer.

38
Q

Name the two forms of Cell-Cell junctions

A

generally in 2 forms: zonulae (belts) or maculae (spots)

39
Q

What is the function of Gap junctions?

A

allows passage of ions and small molecules between cells

40
Q

What can open or close gap junctions?

A

pH, Ca2+ conc, voltage, and some signalling molecules can affect passage, i.e. can open and close pores thereby controlling intercellular communication

41
Q

What is the function of Desmosomes?

A

Desmosomes are intercellular junctions that provide strong adhesion between cells.

42
Q

What are Desmosomes linked to?

A

linked to the intermediate filament cytoskeleton

43
Q

What part of the cytoskeleton is the Adhesion belt associated with?

A

Microfilament (actin)

44
Q

What is the transmembrane adhesion molecule for the Adhesion belt?

A

transmembrane adhesion molecule is a cadherin add pic

45
Q

What is the function of Tight Junctions

A

act to seal paracellular pathways (i.e. between cells) segregates apical and basolateral membrane polarity add pic

46
Q

In many epithelia, cell-cell junctions are typically arranged as an ……………… ……………… …………..

A

apical junctional complex

47
Q

How are apical junctional complexes organised What is the order of cell to cell junctions from top to bottom?

A

tight junction (TJ) nearest the apex, then an adherens junction (AJ) just below it. Desmosomes (spot adhering junctions) (Des) are often scattered throughout the lateral membrane.

Year 1-Mubarak-Tissue (11 decks)

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