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PPP Block > Tissue Types and Cell Changes > Flashcards

Tissue Types and Cell Changes Flashcards

Review Basic Science from Week 1

1
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue?

A
  1. Epithelial (covers, secretes)
  2. Connective (support, protect, energy storage)
  3. Muscle (movement)
  4. Nervous (transmission and coordination
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2
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells with similar structure, function, and embryonic origin.

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3
Q

Major Functions of Epithelium? (3)

A
  1. Protective Barrier
  2. Regulates exchange (absorption and diffusion)
  3. Synthesizes and secrete glandular products.
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4
Q

Brush Border

A

Microvilli used for absorption. Lines columnar epithelia (ie. large intestine)

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5
Q

“Umbrella/dome” shaped cells are found in…?

A

Transitional epithelia: Urothelium (bladder, ureters)

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6
Q

What are Cilia?

A

Cytoplasmic projection of membrane, “hair-like,” and MOTILE (fallopian tubes and respiratory airways)

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7
Q

What are Microvilli?

A

NON-MOTILE Cytoplasmic projections that increase membrane surface area (absorptive ability).

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8
Q

What are Goblet Cells?

A

Modified columnar epithelial cells that are meant to secrete mucin.

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9
Q

Keratin

A

Tough non-living surface layer of skill (typically external)

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10
Q

Cellular Adaptation

A

Reversible and structural cellular changes in response to environmental changes

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11
Q

Metaplasia

A

Change in the cell phenotype.

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12
Q

Cachexia

A

Weakness and wasting away of the body due to severe chronic illness.

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13
Q

What are the 4 main pathways to abnormal cellular accumulation?

A
  1. Poor removal of endogenous substance
  2. Inadequate/abnormal folding/packaging/transport
  3. Inability to degrade metabolite due to genetic enzyme deficiency
  4. Poor removal/transport of exogenous substance
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14
Q

Steatosis

A

Abnormal accumulation of triglycerides within parenchymal cells (often liver)

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15
Q

Dystrophic Calcification

A

Calcification occurring in degenerated/necrotic tissue.

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16
Q

Metastatic Calcification

A

Calcification occurring in normal tissue. Due to elevated serum calcium.

17
Q

Main Causes of Cell Injury (6)

A
  1. Oxygen Deprivation
  2. Nutritional Imbalance
  3. Physical/Chemical Agents/drugs
  4. Genetic Derangements
  5. Immunologic Reactions
  6. Infectious Agents
18
Q

Necrosis

A

An UNREGULATED form of cell death resulting from sever damage to cell membranes and loss of ion homeostasis. (always pathologic)

19
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death. (Can be pathologic or physiologic)

20
Q

Caseous Necrosis

A

Form of cell death in which the tissue maintains a cheese-like appearance. (Common in TB infection)

21
Q

Fat Necrosis

A

Necrosis of fatty/adipose tissue. (Commonly due to release of pancreatic enzymes; pancreatitis)

22
Q

4 Mechanisms of Cell Injury?

A
  1. Mitochondrial Damage (A or N)
  2. Calcium Entry (A or N)
  3. Membrane Damage (N)
  4. Protein Misfolding (A)
23
Q

What is a caspase and what pathways (2) does it play a role in?

A

A caspase is a cysteine-aspartic protease. It plays a roll in both mitochondrial (intrinsic) and death receptor (extrinsic) apoptotic pathways.

24
Q

What is Autophagy?

A

Cells will eat themselves/their own components. (Fusion with lysosomes)

25
Q

Keratinization

A

The process in which the cytoplasm of the outermost cells of the mammalian epidermis is replaced by keratin

26
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal development of cells within tissues or organs

27
Q

Neoplasia

A

Uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells or tissues in the body. (abnormal growth itself is called a neoplasm)

28
Q

Major Types of Connective Tissue? (3)

A
  1. Dense CT (Tough & supportive; ie tendons)
  2. Areolar CT (Biologic packing/wrapping)
  3. Specialized CT (blood, bones, etc.)
29
Q

Causes of Acute Inflammation

A
  1. Necrosis
  2. Foreign Substance
  3. Infections
  4. Immune Reactions
  5. Endogenous Substances

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