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PPP Block > Infection/Immunity vs Inflammation > Flashcards

Infection/Immunity vs Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Turgor (skin)

A

Skin with normal turgor will snap back to normal. With poor turgor the skin stays “tented.”

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2
Q

What is the “cutaneous membrane?”

A

Our skin

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3
Q

Chronic Inflammation

A

Prolonged inflammatory response in which tissue injury, inflammation, and repair coexist in various combinations

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4
Q

Transudate

A

Extravascular fluid with low protein content and little to no cellular material (occurs in non-inflammation, vascular pressure change-CHF, liver cirrhosis, kidney disease)

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5
Q

Exudate

A

Extravascular fluid, typically high in protein & cellular debris. (Inflammation indicator)

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6
Q

Edema

A

Fluid build-up of tissues.

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7
Q

Effusion

A

Fluid build-up of joints/body cavities.

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8
Q

Pus

A

Inflammatory exudate rich in neutrophils, dead cell debris, and often microbes. (inflammation indicator)

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9
Q

Causes of Chronic Inflammation (3)

A
  1. Hypersensitivity disease (ie. autoimmune)
  2. Persistent infection
  3. Prolonged exposure to a toxin
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10
Q

What are the two macrophage activation pathways?

A
  1. Classical ( Inflammatory, Phagocytic)

2. Alternative (Tissue repair, Anti-inflammatory)

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11
Q

Labile vs Stable vs Permanent Tissue types

A

Very proliferative (skin) vs Somewhat proliferative (renal) vs Hardly proliferative (neuron, muscle)

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12
Q

Fibrosis

A

Formation of excess fibrous connective tissue as a part of a regenerative or reactive process. (can be pathologic or physiologic)

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13
Q

1st intention wound healing

A

For small wounds:

  1. Clot Forms
  2. Epithelial cell proliferation
  3. Angiogenesis & granulation deposits at wound site
  4. Surface of completely normal epidermis
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14
Q

2nd intention wound healing

A

For large wounds:

  1. Large clot forms, inflammation and granulation occurs
  2. Wound contracts (due to myofibroblasts; derived from fibroblasts)
  3. Granulation tissue is deposited
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15
Q

Scar Formation Steps (4)

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Angiogenesis
  3. CT deposition
  4. Remodeling of CT
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16
Q

What is a “left shift” in blood work?

A

Blood sample will contain more immature WBC’s. This occurs due to bone marrow releasing as many WBC’s as it can to react to infection/inflammation.

17
Q

The Key Steps of the Inflammatory Response (5)

A
  1. Recognition
  2. Recruitment
  3. Removal
  4. Regulation
  5. Repair
18
Q

Leukocyte (WBC) Recruitment Steps

A
  1. Margination
  2. Rolling (selectins)
  3. Adhesion (integrins)
  4. Transmigration (CD 31 or PECAM 1)
  5. Chemotaxis
19
Q

In acute inflammatory responses ______ are the main infiltrate. In chronic inflammatory responses ______ are the main infiltrate.

A

neutrophils, monocyte/macrophage

20
Q

Blood Vessels role in Acute Inflammatory Response (4)

A
  1. Vasodilation - Calor & Rubor
  2. Increased Permeability (histamines)
  3. Vascular Stasis ( decreased blood flow)
  4. Leukocyte (WBC) Migration
21
Q

Serology

A

Detection of pathogen-specific antibodies in the serum.

22
Q

Molecular Diagnosis

A

Detecting a disease based on the gene sequence of a pathogen

23
Q

Special Microscopy Techniques (and what they detect?)

A
  1. Acid-fast stains (mycobacteria-TB)
  2. Giemsa stain (malaria)
  3. Silver or PAS=Periodic Acid Schiff (fungal)
    * Gram stain (general)
24
Q

Ways that microbes evade the host immune system? (5)

A
  1. Antigenic Variation
  2. Resisting phagocytosis (encapsulation)
  3. Establishing latency
  4. Suppressing host immune response (cytokines)
  5. Evading Apoptosis/Manipulating metabolism
25
Q

Antibiotic Mechanisms of Action (3)

A
  1. Inhibit cell wall synthesis
  2. Inhibit protein synthesis
  3. Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
26
Q

Fibrinous Inflammation

A

Fibrinogen leaks out and fibrin is formed in extracellular spaces.

27
Q

Serous Inflammation

A

Cell-poor fluid leaks into spaces created by cell injury or body cavities.

28
Q

Purulent/Suppurative Inflammation

A

Characterized by the production of pus and exudate.

29
Q

Ulcerative Inflammation

A

Local defect in the surface of a tissue due to sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue.

30
Q

Acute Inflammation Outcomes

A
  1. Chronic Inflammation
  2. Healing by Fibrosis
  3. Complete Regeneration
31
Q

Normal peripheral blood lymphocyte percentages

A

Mature B cells ( 10-20%)
Mature T cells (60-70%)
Mature NK cells (5-10%)
Mature Dendritic Cells (not circulating lymphocytes)

PPP Block (7 decks)

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