Infection/Immunity vs Inflammation Flashcards
Turgor (skin)
Skin with normal turgor will snap back to normal. With poor turgor the skin stays “tented.”
What is the “cutaneous membrane?”
Our skin
Chronic Inflammation
Prolonged inflammatory response in which tissue injury, inflammation, and repair coexist in various combinations
Transudate
Extravascular fluid with low protein content and little to no cellular material (occurs in non-inflammation, vascular pressure change-CHF, liver cirrhosis, kidney disease)
Exudate
Extravascular fluid, typically high in protein & cellular debris. (Inflammation indicator)
Edema
Fluid build-up of tissues.
Effusion
Fluid build-up of joints/body cavities.
Pus
Inflammatory exudate rich in neutrophils, dead cell debris, and often microbes. (inflammation indicator)
Causes of Chronic Inflammation (3)
- Hypersensitivity disease (ie. autoimmune)
- Persistent infection
- Prolonged exposure to a toxin
What are the two macrophage activation pathways?
- Classical ( Inflammatory, Phagocytic)
2. Alternative (Tissue repair, Anti-inflammatory)
Labile vs Stable vs Permanent Tissue types
Very proliferative (skin) vs Somewhat proliferative (renal) vs Hardly proliferative (neuron, muscle)
Fibrosis
Formation of excess fibrous connective tissue as a part of a regenerative or reactive process. (can be pathologic or physiologic)
1st intention wound healing
For small wounds:
- Clot Forms
- Epithelial cell proliferation
- Angiogenesis & granulation deposits at wound site
- Surface of completely normal epidermis
2nd intention wound healing
For large wounds:
- Large clot forms, inflammation and granulation occurs
- Wound contracts (due to myofibroblasts; derived from fibroblasts)
- Granulation tissue is deposited
Scar Formation Steps (4)
- Inflammation
- Angiogenesis
- CT deposition
- Remodeling of CT
What is a “left shift” in blood work?
Blood sample will contain more immature WBC’s. This occurs due to bone marrow releasing as many WBC’s as it can to react to infection/inflammation.
The Key Steps of the Inflammatory Response (5)
- Recognition
- Recruitment
- Removal
- Regulation
- Repair
Leukocyte (WBC) Recruitment Steps
- Margination
- Rolling (selectins)
- Adhesion (integrins)
- Transmigration (CD 31 or PECAM 1)
- Chemotaxis
In acute inflammatory responses ______ are the main infiltrate. In chronic inflammatory responses ______ are the main infiltrate.
neutrophils, monocyte/macrophage
Blood Vessels role in Acute Inflammatory Response (4)
- Vasodilation - Calor & Rubor
- Increased Permeability (histamines)
- Vascular Stasis ( decreased blood flow)
- Leukocyte (WBC) Migration
Serology
Detection of pathogen-specific antibodies in the serum.
Molecular Diagnosis
Detecting a disease based on the gene sequence of a pathogen
Special Microscopy Techniques (and what they detect?)
- Acid-fast stains (mycobacteria-TB)
- Giemsa stain (malaria)
- Silver or PAS=Periodic Acid Schiff (fungal)
* Gram stain (general)
Ways that microbes evade the host immune system? (5)
- Antigenic Variation
- Resisting phagocytosis (encapsulation)
- Establishing latency
- Suppressing host immune response (cytokines)
- Evading Apoptosis/Manipulating metabolism
