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General Pathology > Tissue Response to Injury > Flashcards

Tissue Response to Injury Flashcards

1
Q

What is the tissue response to injury?

A

-Inflammation
-Repair
-Cellular adaptation
-Intracellular accumulation and extra cellular deposition
-Cell death

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2
Q

What’s is meant by inflammation?

A

Tissue response to injury characterized by exudate formation and cellular reaction.

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3
Q

What causes the formation of the exudate?

A

The increased capillary permeability + hydrostatic pressure

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4
Q

What are the Celtic Al mediators released by the macrophages during inflammation?

A

-Histamine
-Serotonin
-Prostaglandins
-Cytokines
-complement system esp. C3a, C5a

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5
Q

What are the steps of phagocytosis?

A

1-Opsonization
2-Engulfment
3-Degradation

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6
Q

Regarding opsonization: what is responsible oxygen dependent and oxygen independent mechanisms?

A

Hydrogen peroxide, lysosomal enzymes

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7
Q

How is the complement system activists?

A

1- Antigen antibody complex
2-Bacterial surface

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8
Q

What is the fate of acute inflammation?

A

1-Complete resolution
2-Regression and healing
3-Spread of infection
4-Chronicity

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9
Q

What’s are the main cells of chronic inflammation?

A

Macrophages

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10
Q

What’s are the microscopic features of chronic inflammation?

A

Fibrosis
Granuloma
Ulcer

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11
Q

Types of granuloma;

A

Infectious granuloma
Foreign body granuloma

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12
Q

What are the contents of a granuloma?

A

Macrophages + clusters of lymphocytes or giant cells + areas of necrosis

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13
Q

The TB culture is.. and stain is..

A

L-J media, Ziehl Neelsen stain

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14
Q

What is the pathogenesis of TB?

A

Tubercle/Granuloma formation

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15
Q

The type of hypersensitivity related to the granuloma formations is..

A

Type 4

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16
Q

The most abundant cell in TB granuloma is..

A

Macrophages

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17
Q

What is the fate of TB?

A

Localization (good immunity)
Spread (bad immunity)

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18
Q

What are the sites of TB? And what is the comments site?

A

-Lung (the commenest)
-Intestine
-Lymph nodes
-Tonsils and skin
-Vertebrae (Potts disease)

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19
Q

The lesion of primary TB in the lung is called.. and located at..

A

Gohn’s focus, lower part of the upper pole

20
Q

The lesion of secondary TB is.. and located at..

A

Cavitation lesion, at the apex

21
Q

A systemic disease characterized by non-cassation granuloma and asteroid bodies in the cytoplasm of giant cells.

A

Sarcoidosis

22
Q

What is the clinical picture of sarcoidosis?

A

1-facial nerve palsy (bilateral and resolve spontaneously
2-Parotid gland enlargement (Bilateral and not tender)
3-Hailer lesions in the lung with skin rashes
4-Hypercalcemia with low PTH

23
Q

Sarcoidosis might be treated by..

A

Steroids

24
Q

What is the disease characterized by multiple sinus tracts and sulphuric granules mainly in the face and neck?

A

Actinomycosis

25
Q

Chaya’s disease is caused by.. Protozoa and causes.. like symptoms and the acute infection treated by..

A

Trypanosoma, Achalasia, nifurtimox

26
Q

What are the stages of wound healing?

A

-Hemostasis (minutes to hours)
-Inflammation (1week)
-Regulation (1-6 weeks)
-Remodeling (6 weeks to years)

27
Q

What’s are the causes of impaired wound healing?

A

(DID NOT HEAL)
1-DM
2-Infections
3-Drugs
4-Nutritional deficiencies
5-object
6-Tissue necrosis
7-Hypoxia
8-Excess tension
9-Another wound
10-Liver jaundice

28
Q

What are the complications of wound healing?

A

1-Hypertrophic scars
2-Keloid scars
3-Wound Dehiscence

29
Q

Wound dehiscence is the..

A

Reopening of the wound line after healing mainly due to infection

30
Q

What are the stages of bone healing?

A

1-Hematoma formation
2-Fibrocartilagionus callus
3-Bony callus
4-Remolding

31
Q

Fibrocartilagious callus is formed of;

A

Connective tissue and hyaline cartilage

32
Q

What are the types of nerve injury?

A

Neuropraxia
Axonotmesis
Neurotmeses

33
Q

Regarding nerve repair:
Small defects: Rate..
Large defects: Repair with..

A

1mm/day regrowth
Neuroma formation

34
Q

What’s are the types of amyloid protein?

A

1-Amyloid light chain (AL)
2-Amyloid associated protein (AA)
3-Others as B2 micro globin

35
Q

What are the types of amyloidosis?

A

1ry, 2ry and hemodialysis associated

36
Q

What are the amyloid proteins related to each type of amyloidosis?

A

1ry— AL protein
2ry— AA protein
Hemodialysis associated— B2 micro globulin

37
Q

Mention examples of each type of amyloidosis;

A

1ry- Multiple myeloma & Cardiac amyloidosis.

2ry- T.B, Autoimmune disease RA,UC & chronic renal failure.

Hemodialysis associated- Renal failure with dialysis.

38
Q

When amyloid proteins are stained by Congo stain it gives the..

A

Apple green bipolar refringence

39
Q

What are the types of pathological calcification?

A

Dystrophic (the commonest)
Metastatic (2nd common)

40
Q

What’s are the mechanisms and examples of pathological calcifications?

A

Dystrophic:
Calcification happens in dead tissue or implant despite the state of normocalcemia as in fat necrosis and breast implants.

Metastatic:
Calcification happens in normal tissues with the state of hypercalcemia as in hyperparathyroidism and malignant bone destruction.

41
Q

What are the types of cell death?

A

Apoptosis
Necrosis

42
Q

Regarding types of necrosis, liquefaction Elbe necrosis is seen in l..

A

Brain and with pus (infections)

43
Q

Regarding types of necrosis, Coagulative necrosis is seen in..

A

Any site of the body except the brain exp: Myocardial infarction.

44
Q

Regarding types of necrosis,caseous necrosis is seen in..

A

TB

45
Q

Regarding types of necrosis, Fibrinoid necrosis is seen in..

A

Malignant HTN
Rheumatoid fever and arthritis

46
Q

Regarding types of necrosis, Fat necrosis is seen in..

A

Breast and pancreas

47
Q

Regarding types of necrosis, Gangrenous necrosis is seen in..

A

Ischemia

General Pathology (3 decks)

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