Tissue Response to Injury Flashcards by Arwa Elbaghdady

What is the tissue response to injury?

-Inflammation
-Repair
-Cellular adaptation
-Intracellular accumulation and extra cellular deposition
-Cell death

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What’s is meant by inflammation?

Tissue response to injury characterized by exudate formation and cellular reaction.

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What causes the formation of the exudate?

The increased capillary permeability + hydrostatic pressure

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What are the Celtic Al mediators released by the macrophages during inflammation?

-Histamine
-Serotonin
-Prostaglandins
-Cytokines
-complement system esp. C3a, C5a

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What are the steps of phagocytosis?

1-Opsonization
2-Engulfment
3-Degradation

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Regarding opsonization: what is responsible oxygen dependent and oxygen independent mechanisms?

Hydrogen peroxide, lysosomal enzymes

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How is the complement system activists?

1- Antigen antibody complex
2-Bacterial surface

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What is the fate of acute inflammation?

1-Complete resolution
2-Regression and healing
3-Spread of infection
4-Chronicity

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What’s are the main cells of chronic inflammation?

Macrophages

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What’s are the microscopic features of chronic inflammation?

Fibrosis
Granuloma
Ulcer

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Types of granuloma;

Infectious granuloma
Foreign body granuloma

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What are the contents of a granuloma?

Macrophages + clusters of lymphocytes or giant cells + areas of necrosis

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The TB culture is.. and stain is..

L-J media, Ziehl Neelsen stain

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What is the pathogenesis of TB?

Tubercle/Granuloma formation

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The type of hypersensitivity related to the granuloma formations is..

Type 4

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The most abundant cell in TB granuloma is..

Macrophages

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What is the fate of TB?

Localization (good immunity)
Spread (bad immunity)

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What are the sites of TB? And what is the comments site?

-Lung (the commenest)
-Intestine
-Lymph nodes
-Tonsils and skin
-Vertebrae (Potts disease)

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The lesion of primary TB in the lung is called.. and located at..

Gohn’s focus, lower part of the upper pole

The lesion of secondary TB is.. and located at..

Cavitation lesion, at the apex

A systemic disease characterized by non-cassation granuloma and asteroid bodies in the cytoplasm of giant cells.

Sarcoidosis

What is the clinical picture of sarcoidosis?

1-facial nerve palsy (bilateral and resolve spontaneously
2-Parotid gland enlargement (Bilateral and not tender)
3-Hailer lesions in the lung with skin rashes
4-Hypercalcemia with low PTH

Sarcoidosis might be treated by..

Steroids

What is the disease characterized by multiple sinus tracts and sulphuric granules mainly in the face and neck?

Actinomycosis

Chaya’s disease is caused by.. Protozoa and causes.. like symptoms and the acute infection treated by..

Trypanosoma, Achalasia, nifurtimox

What are the stages of wound healing?

-Hemostasis (minutes to hours) -Inflammation (1week) -Regulation (1-6 weeks) -Remodeling (6 weeks to years)

What’s are the causes of impaired wound healing?

(DID NOT HEAL) 1-DM 2-Infections 3-Drugs 4-Nutritional deficiencies 5-object 6-Tissue necrosis 7-Hypoxia 8-Excess tension 9-Another wound 10-Liver jaundice

What are the complications of wound healing?

1-Hypertrophic scars 2-Keloid scars 3-Wound Dehiscence

Wound dehiscence is the..

Reopening of the wound line after healing mainly due to infection

What are the stages of bone healing?

1-Hematoma formation 2-Fibrocartilagionus callus 3-Bony callus 4-Remolding

Fibrocartilagious callus is formed of;

Connective tissue and hyaline cartilage

What are the types of nerve injury?

Neuropraxia Axonotmesis Neurotmeses

Regarding nerve repair: Small defects: Rate.. Large defects: Repair with..

1mm/day regrowth Neuroma formation

What’s are the types of amyloid protein?

1-Amyloid light chain (AL) 2-Amyloid associated protein (AA) 3-Others as B2 micro globin

What are the types of amyloidosis?

1ry, 2ry and hemodialysis associated

What are the amyloid proteins related to each type of amyloidosis?

1ry— AL protein 2ry— AA protein Hemodialysis associated— B2 micro globulin

Mention examples of each type of amyloidosis;

1ry- Multiple myeloma & Cardiac amyloidosis. 2ry- T.B, Autoimmune disease RA,UC & chronic renal failure. Hemodialysis associated- Renal failure with dialysis.

When amyloid proteins are stained by Congo stain it gives the..

Apple green bipolar refringence

What are the types of pathological calcification?

Dystrophic (the commonest) Metastatic (2nd common)

What’s are the mechanisms and examples of pathological calcifications?

Dystrophic: Calcification happens in dead tissue or implant despite the state of normocalcemia as in fat necrosis and breast implants. Metastatic: Calcification happens in normal tissues with the state of hypercalcemia as in hyperparathyroidism and malignant bone destruction.

What are the types of cell death?

Apoptosis Necrosis

Regarding types of necrosis, liquefaction Elbe necrosis is seen in l..

Brain and with pus (infections)

Regarding types of necrosis, Coagulative necrosis is seen in..

Any site of the body except the brain exp: Myocardial infarction.

Regarding types of necrosis,caseous necrosis is seen in..

Regarding types of necrosis, Fibrinoid necrosis is seen in..

Malignant HTN Rheumatoid fever and arthritis

Regarding types of necrosis, Fat necrosis is seen in..

Breast and pancreas

Regarding types of necrosis, Gangrenous necrosis is seen in..

Ischemia