Growth Disturbance Flashcards
Failure of development of an organ
Agenesis
Failure of cell growth after development
Aplasia
Developed grown organ but it’s undersized
Hypoplasia
Shrinkage of the cell
Atrophy
Increased size of the cell
Hypertophy
Increased number of the cells
Hyperplasia
Reversible transformation of the cell from its type another type to adapt a stressful stimulus
Metaplasia
Barret’s esophagus and leukoplakia are examples of:
Metaplasia
The presence of a tissue outside its normal site (gastric mucosa in mickel’s diverticulum
Hyteropia
Hairy leukoplakia is characteristic for:
AIDS
In Barret’s esophagus the epithelium turns from stratified squamous to:
Columnar epithelium with goblet cells
Disordered cell proliferation as colonic polyps (FAB) is
Dysplasia
Hyperplastic polyp is an example of hypertophy, Metaplasia, hyperplasia
Hyperplasia
All the followings are oncogenes except:
1-sis
2-src
3-APC
4-Ras
5-Erb
APC
Genes derived from mutation of naturally present genes are
Oncogenes
Genes that prevent proliferation and cause apoptosis of cancer cells.
Tumor suppressor genes
What is the adenoma carcinoma sequence of gene mutations
Mutation of Ras and Myc then inactivation of APC and P53
Achondroplasia is a autosomal dominant or recessive gene?
Autosomal dominant gene
In autosomal recessive genes, COMA refers to;
C: Cystic fibrosis, kartagener syndrome
O: Osteopetrosis
M: MYH associated polyposis
A: Surgery sickle cell Anemia
As an irritating, EBV can cause which cancers;
Lymphoma (burkitt’s, Hodgkin)
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
HCC might be caused by
HBV, HCV, Aflatoxin
HHV 8 and HIV causes which cancer?
Kaposi sarcoma
HPV 16,18 causes which cancers?
Sexual cancers (Valval, cervical, penile, anal) + Oropharyngeal carcinoma
Mesothelioma is strongly associated with which irritant?
Asbestos
Regarding tumor markers: Testicular cancer
AFP, B-HCG
Regarding tumor markers: Prostate cancer
PSA
Regarding tumor markers: Breast cancer
CA 15-3, CEA
Regarding tumor markers: Pancreatic cancer
CA19,9
Regarding tumor markers: Melanoma
S100B
Regarding tumor markers: carcinoid tumor
Chromogranin A (blood)
5-HIAA (urine)
Mention 3 examples of locally malignant tumors
1-Basal cell carcinoma
2-Osteoclastoma
3-Carcinoid tumor
Adenocarcinoma arises from…
Columnar glandular epithelium
Sarcoma arises from..
Mesenchymal cells
Hamartoma is comely seen in..
The lungs
Desmond tumor is the benign tumor of..
Myofibroblasts
According to the origin of sarcoma, the bone origin gives rise to…
Osteosarcoma
Ewing sarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
According to the origin of sarcoma, the soft tissue gives rise to..
Liposarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
The most common type of sarcoma is.. and arises from..
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma, soft tissue and bone
The common site of sarcomas
Extremities (40%)
Sarcoma spreads mostly by.. and the commonest site is..
Blood, Lung
Regarding the lymphatic spread of Sarcoma (RACE For MS) refers to..
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Angiosarcoma
Clear cell sarcoma
Epithelioid sarcoma
Fibrosarcoma
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
Synovial sarcoma
Most common type of sarcoma in children is..
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Which is the 2nd most common type of sarcoma?
Liposarcoma
Liposarcoma is characterized by 2 R..
Retroperitoneal
Radioresistant
Criteria that increase the suspicion of sarcoma in any swelling is;
(PDRS)
-Painful
-Deep or inframuscular
-Rapid rate of growth
-Size greater than 5cm
Treating is drives from which germ lines?
Ecto, endo, meso-derm
Types of teratoma are:
Mature (benign)
Immature (Malignant)
Monodermal
What is strums ovarii?
Ovarian teratoma composed of thyroid tissue only
The percentage of:
Non small cell lung cancer is..
Small cell lung cancer is..
80%
20%
Examples of non small cell lung cancer are;
Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Large cell lung cancer
The most common type of lung cancer is..
Adenocarcinoma
Regarding lung cancers: the squamous cell carcinoma is associated to.. and .. located
Smoking, centrally
Small cell lung cancer is characterized by a syndrome called.. and has.. prognosis
Paraneoplastic syndrome, poor
Examples of paraneoplastic syndrome is:
PTHrP causing hypercalcemia
ACH causing hyponatremia
The mesothelioma is the tumor of..
The layer of tissue covering organs most commonly in the lung
Mesothelioma is resistant to:
-Chemotherapy
-radiotherapy
-both
Both
The Hodgkin lymphoma arises from..
B-lymphocytes
The non-Hodgkin lymphoma arises from..
B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes
The significant pathological finding in the Hodgkin lymphoma is..
Reed-Sternberg cells
Mention the subtypes of Hodgkin lymphoma;
Modular sclerosing
Lymphocyte-depleted
Classical lymphocyte rich
Mixed cellularity
Modular lymphocyte predominant (popcorn cells)
What is the staging system of lymphoma?
Ann Arbor system
Age of Hodgkin… and non-Hodgkin…
Bimodal (15-35 and over 55)
With increasing age
Examples of b-lymphocytes non-Hodgkin lymphoma
MALT
Burkitt’s
Post ha shimo to thyroiditis
Clinical picture of nasopharyngeal carcinoma m
Cervical lymphadenopathy
Otitis media
Otalgia
Nasal discharge
Epistaxis
Mention some differential diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathy
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Tuberculosis
AIDS
Multiple myeloma is the tumor of..
Plasma cells
Clinical picture of multiple myeloma
(CRAP)
-CA elevation
-Renal failure
-Anemia (normocytic normochromic)
-Bone lesions
The.. is found in urine in multiple myeloma
Bence jones proteins
Treatment of multiple myeloma is..
Stem cell transplant
Chemotherapy
