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General Pathology > Growth Disturbance > Flashcards

Growth Disturbance Flashcards

1
Q

Failure of development of an organ

A

Agenesis

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2
Q

Failure of cell growth after development

A

Aplasia

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3
Q

Developed grown organ but it’s undersized

A

Hypoplasia

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4
Q

Shrinkage of the cell

A

Atrophy

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5
Q

Increased size of the cell

A

Hypertophy

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6
Q

Increased number of the cells

A

Hyperplasia

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7
Q

Reversible transformation of the cell from its type another type to adapt a stressful stimulus

A

Metaplasia

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8
Q

Barret’s esophagus and leukoplakia are examples of:

A

Metaplasia

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9
Q

The presence of a tissue outside its normal site (gastric mucosa in mickel’s diverticulum

A

Hyteropia

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10
Q

Hairy leukoplakia is characteristic for:

A

AIDS

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11
Q

In Barret’s esophagus the epithelium turns from stratified squamous to:

A

Columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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12
Q

Disordered cell proliferation as colonic polyps (FAB) is

A

Dysplasia

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13
Q

Hyperplastic polyp is an example of hypertophy, Metaplasia, hyperplasia

A

Hyperplasia

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14
Q

All the followings are oncogenes except:
1-sis
2-src
3-APC
4-Ras
5-Erb

A

APC

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15
Q

Genes derived from mutation of naturally present genes are

A

Oncogenes

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16
Q

Genes that prevent proliferation and cause apoptosis of cancer cells.

A

Tumor suppressor genes

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17
Q

What is the adenoma carcinoma sequence of gene mutations

A

Mutation of Ras and Myc then inactivation of APC and P53

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18
Q

Achondroplasia is a autosomal dominant or recessive gene?

A

Autosomal dominant gene

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19
Q

In autosomal recessive genes, COMA refers to;

A

C: Cystic fibrosis, kartagener syndrome
O: Osteopetrosis
M: MYH associated polyposis
A: Surgery sickle cell Anemia

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20
Q

As an irritating, EBV can cause which cancers;

A

Lymphoma (burkitt’s, Hodgkin)
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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21
Q

HCC might be caused by

A

HBV, HCV, Aflatoxin

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22
Q

HHV 8 and HIV causes which cancer?

A

Kaposi sarcoma

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23
Q

HPV 16,18 causes which cancers?

A

Sexual cancers (Valval, cervical, penile, anal) + Oropharyngeal carcinoma

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24
Q

Mesothelioma is strongly associated with which irritant?

A

Asbestos

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25
Q

Regarding tumor markers: Testicular cancer

A

AFP, B-HCG

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26
Q

Regarding tumor markers: Prostate cancer

A

PSA

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27
Q

Regarding tumor markers: Breast cancer

A

CA 15-3, CEA

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28
Q

Regarding tumor markers: Pancreatic cancer

A

CA19,9

29
Q

Regarding tumor markers: Melanoma

A

S100B

30
Q

Regarding tumor markers: carcinoid tumor

A

Chromogranin A (blood)
5-HIAA (urine)

31
Q

Mention 3 examples of locally malignant tumors

A

1-Basal cell carcinoma
2-Osteoclastoma
3-Carcinoid tumor

32
Q

Adenocarcinoma arises from…

A

Columnar glandular epithelium

33
Q

Sarcoma arises from..

A

Mesenchymal cells

34
Q

Hamartoma is comely seen in..

A

The lungs

35
Q

Desmond tumor is the benign tumor of..

A

Myofibroblasts

36
Q

According to the origin of sarcoma, the bone origin gives rise to…

A

Osteosarcoma
Ewing sarcoma
Chondrosarcoma

37
Q

According to the origin of sarcoma, the soft tissue gives rise to..

A

Liposarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma

38
Q

The most common type of sarcoma is.. and arises from..

A

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma, soft tissue and bone

39
Q

The common site of sarcomas

A

Extremities (40%)

40
Q

Sarcoma spreads mostly by.. and the commonest site is..

A

Blood, Lung

41
Q

Regarding the lymphatic spread of Sarcoma (RACE For MS) refers to..

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma
Angiosarcoma
Clear cell sarcoma
Epithelioid sarcoma
Fibrosarcoma
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
Synovial sarcoma

42
Q

Most common type of sarcoma in children is..

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

43
Q

Which is the 2nd most common type of sarcoma?

A

Liposarcoma

44
Q

Liposarcoma is characterized by 2 R..

A

Retroperitoneal
Radioresistant

45
Q

Criteria that increase the suspicion of sarcoma in any swelling is;

A

(PDRS)
-Painful
-Deep or inframuscular
-Rapid rate of growth
-Size greater than 5cm

46
Q

Treating is drives from which germ lines?

A

Ecto, endo, meso-derm

47
Q

Types of teratoma are:

A

Mature (benign)
Immature (Malignant)
Monodermal

48
Q

What is strums ovarii?

A

Ovarian teratoma composed of thyroid tissue only

49
Q

The percentage of:
Non small cell lung cancer is..
Small cell lung cancer is..

A

80%
20%

50
Q

Examples of non small cell lung cancer are;

A

Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Large cell lung cancer

51
Q

The most common type of lung cancer is..

A

Adenocarcinoma

52
Q

Regarding lung cancers: the squamous cell carcinoma is associated to.. and .. located

A

Smoking, centrally

53
Q

Small cell lung cancer is characterized by a syndrome called.. and has.. prognosis

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome, poor

54
Q

Examples of paraneoplastic syndrome is:

A

PTHrP causing hypercalcemia
ACH causing hyponatremia

55
Q

The mesothelioma is the tumor of..

A

The layer of tissue covering organs most commonly in the lung

56
Q

Mesothelioma is resistant to:
-Chemotherapy
-radiotherapy
-both

A

Both

57
Q

The Hodgkin lymphoma arises from..

A

B-lymphocytes

58
Q

The non-Hodgkin lymphoma arises from..

A

B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes

59
Q

The significant pathological finding in the Hodgkin lymphoma is..

A

Reed-Sternberg cells

60
Q

Mention the subtypes of Hodgkin lymphoma;

A

Modular sclerosing
Lymphocyte-depleted
Classical lymphocyte rich
Mixed cellularity
Modular lymphocyte predominant (popcorn cells)

61
Q

What is the staging system of lymphoma?

A

Ann Arbor system

62
Q

Age of Hodgkin… and non-Hodgkin…

A

Bimodal (15-35 and over 55)
With increasing age

63
Q

Examples of b-lymphocytes non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A

MALT
Burkitt’s
Post ha shimo to thyroiditis

64
Q

Clinical picture of nasopharyngeal carcinoma m

A

Cervical lymphadenopathy
Otitis media
Otalgia
Nasal discharge
Epistaxis

65
Q

Mention some differential diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathy

A

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Tuberculosis
AIDS

66
Q

Multiple myeloma is the tumor of..

A

Plasma cells

67
Q

Clinical picture of multiple myeloma

A

(CRAP)
-CA elevation
-Renal failure
-Anemia (normocytic normochromic)
-Bone lesions

68
Q

The.. is found in urine in multiple myeloma

A

Bence jones proteins

69
Q

Treatment of multiple myeloma is..

A

Stem cell transplant
Chemotherapy

General Pathology (3 decks)

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