Tissue Renewal And Stem Cells

Question 1

What is an adult stem cell

Answer 1

A tissue specific stem cell present in all tissues that is used for repair and maintenance

Question 2

Zygote is

Answer 2

Fertilized egg

Totipotent

Question 3

Embryonic stem cell is

Answer 3

A part of the growing embryo

Pluripotent

Question 4

Tissue specific stem cell is

Answer 4

Adult stem cell

Multipotent

Question 5

What is the procedure for human therapeutic cloning

Answer 5

A blastocyst has an inner mass that has embryonic stem cells that only make tissues of the embryo

The whole blastocyst is totipotent

They took the nucleus of a human and put that in a enucleated (nucleus removed) egg

This made a nucleated egg. Electricity induced this to act as a fertilized egg

This makes the embryonic stems cells in the new egg that can differentiate into different things and be transplanted back into the patient

Question 6

What is self renewal

What is commitment

Answer 6

The formation of cells that have the similar capacity and ability to proliferate and differentiate

The production of cells that are commited to differentiate

Question 7

Stem cells are capable of

Answer 7

Self renewal

Commitment

Question 8

What happens as cells begin to differentiate more and more

Answer 8

They lose the ability to make diff cell types

Question 9

What is totipotentcy

Answer 9

It can do everything needed for life

Ex. The zygote can make the entire embryo and the amniotic sac

Question 10

What is pluripotency

Answer 10

Can do some but not all things needed for life

Ex. Embryonic stem cells and make all tissue of the embryo

Question 11

What is multipotency

Answer 11

Can only make types of one specific tissue

Ex. Adult stem cells can form all the lineages of a specific tissue

They’re tissue specific stem cells

Question 12

Totipotent cells have _____ stem cell capacity’s

Answer 12

Higher

They are less differentiated

Question 13

What are protamines

Answer 13

Sperm don’t have histones so they have protamines that the dna wraps around

They are joined together by disulfide binds which are broken when the sperm hits the egg

Question 14

What causes the disulfide bonds between protamines in sperm to break

Answer 14

Once the sperm hits the egg, gluthione in the eggs reduced the bonds and the chromatin uncoils

Question 15

What happens after the Chromatin in sperm is uncoiled

Answer 15

The protamines get replaced by histones

Then histone acetkyation and dna methylation happens

This causes the egg and sperm to become differentatied cells

Question 16

What is cloning

Answer 16

Making the cells reprogram their dna

Question 17

What is plasticity

Answer 17

The ability of a partially differentiated adult stem cell to change its genetic program

Then after that, differentiate into cells of a different type

Question 18

Give an example of how the micro environment of the cell can reprogram it

Answer 18

Bone marrow cells from a mouse that had GFP were put into a mouse without GFP

But in the new mouse it showed that the bone marrow cells turned into brain cells

The micro environment of the brain reprogrammed the bone marrow cells to be brain cells

Question 19

What is trans differentiation

Answer 19

The cell is reprogrammed to become another cell type

Question 20

How can differentiated cells be reprogrammed to stem cells

Answer 20

You force the expression of 3 to 4 key pluripotent genes

And change them from being adult stem cell to someone that’s like an embryonic stem cells (less differentiated)

No blastocysts is destroyed, only use induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)

Reprogram the humans cell to go from multipotent to pluripotent