Tissue Renewal And Stem Cells Flashcards
What is an adult stem cell
A tissue specific stem cell present in all tissues that is used for repair and maintenance
Zygote is
Fertilized egg
Totipotent
Embryonic stem cell is
A part of the growing embryo
Pluripotent
Tissue specific stem cell is
Adult stem cell
Multipotent
What is the procedure for human therapeutic cloning
A blastocyst has an inner mass that has embryonic stem cells that only make tissues of the embryo
The whole blastocyst is totipotent
They took the nucleus of a human and put that in a enucleated (nucleus removed) egg
This made a nucleated egg. Electricity induced this to act as a fertilized egg
This makes the embryonic stems cells in the new egg that can differentiate into different things and be transplanted back into the patient
What is self renewal
What is commitment
The formation of cells that have the similar capacity and ability to proliferate and differentiate
The production of cells that are commited to differentiate
Stem cells are capable of
Self renewal
Commitment
What happens as cells begin to differentiate more and more
They lose the ability to make diff cell types
What is totipotentcy
It can do everything needed for life
Ex. The zygote can make the entire embryo and the amniotic sac
What is pluripotency
Can do some but not all things needed for life
Ex. Embryonic stem cells and make all tissue of the embryo
What is multipotency
Can only make types of one specific tissue
Ex. Adult stem cells can form all the lineages of a specific tissue
They’re tissue specific stem cells
Totipotent cells have _____ stem cell capacity’s
Higher
They are less differentiated
What are protamines
Sperm don’t have histones so they have protamines that the dna wraps around
They are joined together by disulfide binds which are broken when the sperm hits the egg
What causes the disulfide bonds between protamines in sperm to break
Once the sperm hits the egg, gluthione in the eggs reduced the bonds and the chromatin uncoils
What happens after the Chromatin in sperm is uncoiled
The protamines get replaced by histones
Then histone acetkyation and dna methylation happens
This causes the egg and sperm to become differentatied cells
What is cloning
Making the cells reprogram their dna
What is plasticity
The ability of a partially differentiated adult stem cell to change its genetic program
Then after that, differentiate into cells of a different type
Give an example of how the micro environment of the cell can reprogram it
Bone marrow cells from a mouse that had GFP were put into a mouse without GFP
But in the new mouse it showed that the bone marrow cells turned into brain cells
The micro environment of the brain reprogrammed the bone marrow cells to be brain cells
What is trans differentiation
The cell is reprogrammed to become another cell type
How can differentiated cells be reprogrammed to stem cells
You force the expression of 3 to 4 key pluripotent genes
And change them from being adult stem cell to someone that’s like an embryonic stem cells (less differentiated)
No blastocysts is destroyed, only use induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)
Reprogram the humans cell to go from multipotent to pluripotent
