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Pathology Exam 2 > Tissue Regeneration, Renewal and Repair > Flashcards

Tissue Regeneration, Renewal and Repair Flashcards

1
Q

Transdifferentiation

A

Change in the differentiation of a cell from one type to another
Retina cell can go fix corneal cell (same line)
Can be seen in chickens

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2
Q

Developmental Plasticity

A

Capacity of a cell to transdifferentiate into diverse lineages
Heart cell can become corneal cell (different line)

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3
Q

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

A

Generate all of the blood cell lineages
Reconstitute the bone marrow after depletion
Caused by disease or irradiation

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4
Q

Bone Marrow

A

Bone Marrow
Umbilical cord blood
Peripheral blood of individuals receiving cytokines
Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor, mobilizes HSCs

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5
Q

Marrow Stromal Cells

A

Multipotent
Potentially important therapeutic applications
Generate chondrocytes, osteoblasts, adipocytes, myoblasts and endothelial cell precursors
Migrate to injured to tissues
Generate stromal cells or other cell lineage
No normal tissue homeostasis

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6
Q

Canals of Hering

A

Location of liver progenitor cells
Between biliary ductular system and parenchymal hepatocytes
Precursor cells

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7
Q

Oval Cells

A

Bipotential progenitors
Capable of differentiating into hepatocytes and biliary cells
Activate when hepatocyte proliferation is blocked
Fulminant hepatic failure
Liver tumorigensis
Chronic hepatitis and advanced liver cirrhosis

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8
Q

NSC’s

A

Brain of adult rodents and humans
Neural precursor cells
Generating neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
SVZ and dentate gyrus located

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9
Q

Regeneration

A

Complete restitution of lost or damaged tissue.
Liver (compensatory growth)
Skin and GI tract renew

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10
Q

Repair

A

Replacement of original structures with structural derangement scar or fibrosis

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11
Q

Fibrosis

A

Extensive deposition of collagen

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12
Q

ECM

A

Componenets for would healing
Framework for cell migration
Maintains cell polarity for re-assembly of mutlilayer structures
Angiogensis
Fibroblasts, macrophages, others produce growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, etc

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13
Q

Granulation tissue

A

characteristic of healing
Soft pink appearences
Fibroblast proliferation and new thin walled, delicate capillaries
Dense fibrosis

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14
Q

Continuous dividing

A

Proliferate constantly
Surface epi: st. sqaumous epi skin, oral, vagina, cervix
Mucousa lining
Columnar GI tract/Uterus

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15
Q

Quiescent

A 
Low replication
Rapid division in response to stimulus
Reconstituting tissue of organ
Parenchymal
Mesenchymal cells
Lymphocytes and other leukocytes
Ability of liver to regenerate
Fibroblasts, endothelial cells, etc
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16
Q

Nondividing

A

Neurons, skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells
Glial cells can support damage
Muscle cells won’t divide, do have regenerative capacity
Cardiac muscle-limited ability to regenerate

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17
Q

2 Mechanisms Maintain Stem Cells

A

Obligatory asymmetric replication

Sochastic differentiation

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18
Q

Obligatory asymmetric replication

A

cell division produces one daughter cell with self-renewing capacity and others enter pathway

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19
Q

Stochastic Differentiation

A

cell division produces 2 self-renewing cells or two cells that do not differentiate

20
Q

Embryonic Stem Cells

A

Pluripotent

Come from inner cell mass of blastocyst

21
Q

Niche

A

Special microenvironment
Composed of mesenchymal, endothelial and other cell types
Generate or transmit stimuli that regulate stem cell self-renewal and generation of progeny cells

22
Q

Progenitor cells

A

Cells with restricted developmental potential produced by transit amplifying cells (generated by somatic stem cells, no self-renewal capacity)

23
Q

Transdifferentiation

A

ability of cells to change in the differentiation of a cell from one type to another
Retina cell can go fix corneal cell

24
Q

Stem Cells in Homeostasis Locations

A

Bone Marrow, Skin, Gut, Liver, Brain, Muscle, Cornea

25
Q

HSCs

A

Hematopoietic stem cells
Generate blood cell lineages
REconstitute bone marrow after depletion by disease or radiation
Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor mobilizes HSCs

26
Q

MSCs

A

Stromal cells
Mesenchymal stem cells
Multipotent-chondrocytes, osteoblasts, adipocytes, myoblasts, endothelial cell precursors
Migrate to injured tissues, do not participate in normal tissue homeostasis

27
Q

Stem cells in Liver

A

Canals of Hering
Oval cells–>hepatocyte or biliary cell
Activated when hepatocyte proliferation blocked
Proliferate and differentiate in response to hepatic failure, liver tumorigenesis, chronic hepatitis, advanced liver cirrhoses

28
Q

Brain Stem Cells

A

neural stem cells
Generate neurosn
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes
Subventricular zone, dentate gyrus of hippocampus

29
Q

Skin Stem Cells

A

4 week turnover
Hair follicle bulge
Interfollicular areas
Sebaceous glands

30
Q

Small Intestine Stem CElls

A

Found in crypts

Villus contains cells from multiple crypts

31
Q

Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells

A

Myocytes do not divide
Growth/regeneration of injured skeletal muscle
Limited replacement occurs, does not fully replace normal pool of myocytes

32
Q

Corneal Stem Cells

A

Limbal stem cells (between epithelium of cornea and conjunctiva)
Maintains outmost corneal epi to maintain transparency

33
Q

G0

A

Queiscent stage

34
Q

G1

A

Entry from G0

Activation of large set of genes

35
Q

G1/S

A

Restriction pt., rate limiting step
Make sure cell and DNA not damaged
After passing restriction pt, cell irreversibly committed to DNA replication

36
Q

G2/M checkpoint

A

check DNA damage post replication, monitor if safe to enter mitosis

37
Q

DNA Damage

A

delays cell cycle
Triggers repair mechanisms
DNA damage too severe, cell eliminated via apoptotsis

38
Q

EGF

A

Mitogenic for keratinocytes and fibroblasts

Stimulate keratinocyte migration and granulation tissue formation

39
Q

TGF-A

A

Stimulates replication of hepatocytes and epithelial cells

Mutations-cancer of lung, head, neck, breast, glioblastomas, other

40
Q

EGFR1 Mutation

A

Cancers of head, neck, breast, glioblastomas, etc.

41
Q

HGF

A

Hepatocyte growth factor
Enhances proligeration of hepatocytes, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, increases cell motility, keratinocyte replication

42
Q

PDGF

A

Chemotactic for PMNs, macrophages, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells

43
Q

VEGF

A

Increases vascular permeability, mitogeneic for endothelial cells, angiogenesis
Vasculogenesis in early development

44
Q

FGF

A

Chemotactic for fibroblasts, mitogenic for fibroblasts and keratinocytes
Angiogensis
Wound Contraction
Matrix deposition

45
Q

TGF-B

A

Produced by platelets, endothelial cells, lymphocytes and macrophages
Enhances production of collagen, fibronectin, proteoglycans
Inhibits collagen breakdown
Potent fibrogenic agent

Pathology Exam 2 (6 decks)

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