Chapter 2 Exam 2

Question 1

What is the reticuloendothelial system?

Answer 1

Contains the component of the mononuclear phagocyte system
Blood monocytes
Tissue macrophages
Arise from precursors in bone marrow

Question 2

What types of cells arise from common precursors in bone marrow?

Answer 2

Diffusely scattered in the CT
Liver (kupffer cells)
Spleen
Lymph nodes (sinus histiocytes)
Lungs (alveolar macrophages)
CNS (microglia)

Question 3

When do monocytes emigrate to extravascular tissues?

Answer 3

Within 48 hours-predominant cell type
Activated by microbial products/cytokines/chemical mediators
Activated macrophages eliminate injurious agent via phagocytosis and initiate process of repair (growth factors, mediators)
Tissue injury in chronic inflammation is due to macrophages

Question 4

Stages to full blown macrophage

Answer 4

Stem cell–>Monoblast–>monocyte–>macrophage

Question 5

Activates macrophages

Answer 5

IFN-gamma

Question 6

Products made by macrophages

Answer 6

Arachidonic acid, PDGF, FGF, TGF-B

Question 7

Plasma Cells

Answer 7

Develop from activated B lymphocytes
Produces Abs
Directed either against persistent foreign or self antigens

Question 8

Eosinophils

Answer 8

Abundant in immune reactions
Mediated by IgE
Major cell in parasitic infections
Recruited eotaxin chemokine
Granules have major basic protein (toxic to parasites)

Question 9

Mast Cells

Answer 9

Normally present in CT
Participate in acute and chronic inflammatory response
Degranulation releases histamine and prostaglandins
Responsible for allergic reactions to foods, insect venom, drugs (anaphylactic shock)

Question 10

T-Cell Cytokines that Attract Macrophages

Answer 10

TNF and IL-17

Question 11

T-Cell products that activate Macrophages

Answer 11

IFN-gamma

Question 12

Describe Granulomatous Inflammation

Answer 12

Distinctive pattern of chronic inflammation
Offending agent difficult to eradicate
Walled off
Strong activation of T-lymphocytes recruit macrophages
Activated macrophages lead to tissue destruction \m/

Question 13

Diseases associated with granulomatous inflammation

Answer 13

TB
Sarcoidosis
Cat-scratch disease
Lymphgranuloma inguinale
Leprosy
Brucellosis
Syphilis
Mycotic infections
Beryliosis

Question 14

Granuloma

Answer 14

Aggregation of macrophages that transform into epithelium-like cells
Surrounded by a collar of mononuclear leukocytes (lymphocytes and occasionally plasma cells)

Question 15

Epitheloid Granuloma Cells

Answer 15

Pale pink granular cytoplasm, indistinct cell boundaries, fuse to form giant cells (multinucleated)

Question 16

2 Types of Granulomas

Answer 16

Foreign Body Granulomas

Immune Granulomas

Question 17

Foreign Body Granuloma

Answer 17

Non-caseating, no necrosis
Incited by relatively inert foreign bodies
From around material (talc, sutures)
Foreign material can be identified in the center of the granuloma (refractile, talc glows under polarized light)

Question 18

Immune Granuloma

Answer 18

Agents that induce cell-mediated immune response
Caseating granuloma
Infection by mycobacterium tuberculosis
Granuloma known as a tubercle
Presence of central caseous necrosis 
Rare in other granulomatous diseases

Question 19

Acute Phase response systemic inflammation

Answer 19

Fever (elevation of 1-4 degrees)
Produced by pyrogens
Acute phase proteins
Leukocytosis
Increase Pulse and pressure
Decreased sweating
Rigors
Chills
Anorexia
Somnolence

Question 20

Acute Phase Proteins

Answer 20

Plasma proteins
Synthesized in liver
Concentrate in plasma in response to inflammatory stimuli
CRP (c-reactive protein)
Fibrinogen
Serum amyloid A (SAA) protein

Question 21

Leukocytosis

Answer 21

Increased WBC count (especially with bacterial infections)
15,000-20,000 cells/uL
Could go as high as 40,000-100,000 cells/uL
Accelerated release of cells from bone marrow
Rise in # of immature neutrophils in blood (shifts to left)

Question 22

Systemic Effects of Inflammation

Answer 22

Bacterial infections
Viral infections
Bronchial asthma/allergy/parastic infestations
Typhoid fever and viruses, rickettsiae and protozoa

Question 23

Defective inflammation

Answer 23

increased susceptibility to infections, delayed wound healing

Question 24

Excessive inflammation

Answer 24

Allergies

Disorders where fundamental cause of tissue injury is inflammation