Chapter 2 Exam 2 Flashcards
(24 cards)
What is the reticuloendothelial system?
Contains the component of the mononuclear phagocyte system
Blood monocytes
Tissue macrophages
Arise from precursors in bone marrow
What types of cells arise from common precursors in bone marrow?
Diffusely scattered in the CT Liver (kupffer cells) Spleen Lymph nodes (sinus histiocytes) Lungs (alveolar macrophages) CNS (microglia)
When do monocytes emigrate to extravascular tissues?
Within 48 hours-predominant cell type
Activated by microbial products/cytokines/chemical mediators
Activated macrophages eliminate injurious agent via phagocytosis and initiate process of repair (growth factors, mediators)
Tissue injury in chronic inflammation is due to macrophages
Stages to full blown macrophage
Stem cell–>Monoblast–>monocyte–>macrophage
Activates macrophages
IFN-gamma
Products made by macrophages
Arachidonic acid, PDGF, FGF, TGF-B
Plasma Cells
Develop from activated B lymphocytes
Produces Abs
Directed either against persistent foreign or self antigens
Eosinophils
Abundant in immune reactions Mediated by IgE Major cell in parasitic infections Recruited eotaxin chemokine Granules have major basic protein (toxic to parasites)
Mast Cells
Normally present in CT
Participate in acute and chronic inflammatory response
Degranulation releases histamine and prostaglandins
Responsible for allergic reactions to foods, insect venom, drugs (anaphylactic shock)
T-Cell Cytokines that Attract Macrophages
TNF and IL-17
T-Cell products that activate Macrophages
IFN-gamma
Describe Granulomatous Inflammation
Distinctive pattern of chronic inflammation
Offending agent difficult to eradicate
Walled off
Strong activation of T-lymphocytes recruit macrophages
Activated macrophages lead to tissue destruction \m/
Diseases associated with granulomatous inflammation
TB Sarcoidosis Cat-scratch disease Lymphgranuloma inguinale Leprosy Brucellosis Syphilis Mycotic infections Beryliosis
Granuloma
Aggregation of macrophages that transform into epithelium-like cells
Surrounded by a collar of mononuclear leukocytes (lymphocytes and occasionally plasma cells)
Epitheloid Granuloma Cells
Pale pink granular cytoplasm, indistinct cell boundaries, fuse to form giant cells (multinucleated)
2 Types of Granulomas
Foreign Body Granulomas
Immune Granulomas
Foreign Body Granuloma
Non-caseating, no necrosis
Incited by relatively inert foreign bodies
From around material (talc, sutures)
Foreign material can be identified in the center of the granuloma (refractile, talc glows under polarized light)
Immune Granuloma
Agents that induce cell-mediated immune response Caseating granuloma Infection by mycobacterium tuberculosis Granuloma known as a tubercle Presence of central caseous necrosis Rare in other granulomatous diseases
Acute Phase response systemic inflammation
Fever (elevation of 1-4 degrees) Produced by pyrogens Acute phase proteins Leukocytosis Increase Pulse and pressure Decreased sweating Rigors Chills Anorexia Somnolence
Acute Phase Proteins
Plasma proteins Synthesized in liver Concentrate in plasma in response to inflammatory stimuli CRP (c-reactive protein) Fibrinogen Serum amyloid A (SAA) protein
Leukocytosis
Increased WBC count (especially with bacterial infections)
15,000-20,000 cells/uL
Could go as high as 40,000-100,000 cells/uL
Accelerated release of cells from bone marrow
Rise in # of immature neutrophils in blood (shifts to left)
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
Bacterial infections
Viral infections
Bronchial asthma/allergy/parastic infestations
Typhoid fever and viruses, rickettsiae and protozoa
Defective inflammation
increased susceptibility to infections, delayed wound healing
Excessive inflammation
Allergies
Disorders where fundamental cause of tissue injury is inflammation
