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PT 506 Kinesiology > Tissue Mechanics > Flashcards

Tissue Mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Loading Modes

A

Compression; Tension; Bending; Shear; Torsion; Combined Loading

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2
Q

Structure of connective tissues

A

Characterized by a wide dispersion of cells in the presence of a large ECM

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3
Q

Interfibrillar components

A

(Ground substance)

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4
Q

Fibrillar components

A

(fibrous)

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5
Q

Connective tissues are unique because…

A

Functions determined by ECM, unlike other tissues where cell behavior determines

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6
Q

Fibroblast

A

Basic cells of most connective tissue

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7
Q

Fibroblasts may become

A

Chondroblast
Osteoblast
Tenoblast

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8
Q

With maturation, fibroblasts are…

A

Fibrocytes
Chondrocytes
Oesteocytes
Tenocytes

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9
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Attached are one or more polysaccaride chains called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

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10
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Compound containing a carbohydrate covalently linked to protein

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11
Q

GAGs

A

Negatively charged, a concentration of GAGs creates a swelling pressure and H20 goes into ECF

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12
Q

Collagen fibers counteract GAGs by

A

resisting and containing the swelling via tensile stress and osmotic pressure

Tissue can resist compression

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13
Q

Tissues subjected to high compression forces have a ___ PG content

A

High

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14
Q

Tissues that resist tensile loads have a ____ PG content

A

Low

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15
Q

Collagen

A

Most abundant protein in the body

Strong as steel

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16
Q

Type I Collagen

A

predominantly in ligaments. tendons, menisci, and joint capsules

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17
Q

Type II Collagen

A

Predominantly in hyaline articular cartilage and nucleus pulposus of disk

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18
Q

Elastin

A

Properties allow the fibers to deform under force and return to original state

Generally less elastin in connective tissue

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19
Q

Connective tissue composition and structure

A

Sparsely vascularized, parallel fibers

Dense connective tissue in tendon and ligament

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20
Q

Type I collagen production

A

Fibroblasts make procollagen which is cleaved to produce type I collagen

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21
Q

Coiling of connective tissue

A

Polypeptide chain coiled in left handed helix

Three alphas chains are then coild in a right handed helix.

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22
Q

Cross links

A

Formed by GAG’s between collagen molecules

Aid in strength

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23
Q

More elastin in _____ than ____

A

Ligaments; Tendons

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24
Q

Overload

A

Tissues increase their structural or functional capability in response to overloading

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25
Q

Specificity

A

Specific stimulus for adaptation elicits specific structural and functional changes in specific elements of tissues

26
Q

Reversibility

A

Discontinueing training stimulus will result in loss of adaptive changes

27
Q

SAID

A

Specific Adaptations to Imparted Demand

28
Q

Elasticity

A

Property of a material to return to original form following removal of deforming load

29
Q

Plasticity

A

Property of a material to deform permanently when loaded beyond its plastic range

30
Q

Viscocity

A

Property of a material to resist loads that produce shear

Higher viscosity —–> Slower deformation

31
Q

Elastic Materials

A

Energy is stored during loading and released during unloading
Loading/Unloading curves are the same

32
Q

Visco-Elastic materials

A

Sensitive to rate of loading or deformation

Higher rates lead to more deformation

33
Q

Creep

A

Load is suddenly applied then held constant

Continued deformation over time

34
Q

Stress Relaxation

A

Deformation held constant

Force required to maintain deformation decreases over time

35
Q

Cyclical Loading

A

Causes a shift of the load:elongation curve to the right

Shift decreases in magnitude with each repitition

36
Q

Hysteresis

A

Energy loss

37
Q

Viscoelastic behavior

A

Increased stiffness w/ increased strain rate

38
Q

Tendon Loading

A

Tendon has 2x the tensile strength of muscle

Muscle rupture is more common than tendon rupture

39
Q

Investing DCT

A

Paratenon: Outside
Epitenon: Synovial tissue only in high friction location
Endotenon: continuous with perimysium and periosteum

40
Q

Sharpey’s fibers

A

Link tendon to bone, go into the bone

41
Q

Tendon Inflammatory phase

A

Cellular Reaction

42
Q

Tendon Collagen Synthesis

A

Proliferation

43
Q

Tendon Remodeling

A

Maturation

44
Q

Immobilization in tendons

A

Reduces water content; PG Content; and strength. Tendon softens in 1-2 weeks

45
Q

Early intermittent passive mobilization

A

CPN machine
Ultimate load increased
Reduced adhesions

46
Q

Functions of Myotendinous Junction

A

Adhesion
Force transmission
Force mustnt exceed strength of interface & adhesion

47
Q

Muscle tendon & bone-ll-bone failure

A

Pre-epiphyseal closure - failure at epiphysis
Post-epiphyseal closure - failure at mtj
Avulsion less common than mid substance in adults

48
Q

Stretching Connective Tissues

A

Mode
Intensity
Frequency
Duration

49
Q

Loading effect on length of Peri-articular DCT

A

low load of 5-40 minutes

Mobilization doesnt effect length, but can enhance ROM

50
Q

Loading effect on muscle length

A

30 Seconds minumum continuous duration (maintain end range)

51
Q

Strength Tissue Training

A

3-5 sets

6-12 Reps

52
Q

Muscular Endurance Training

A

3-5 sets

20-30 Reps

53
Q

Tendon Training

A

3-5 sets

30-40 Reps

54
Q

Ligament Training

A

1000s of reps

55
Q

Cartilage Training

A

Hours of reps

56
Q

Articular Cartilage Physiological Features

A

Avascular, aneural, low metabolism

Withstands loading, distributes load, low friction

57
Q

Zone 1 of articular cartilage

A

Nearly horizontal fiber direction resist shear

58
Q

Zone 2 of articular cartilage

A

Slightly diagonal fiber direction to resist some shear, some compression

59
Q

Zone 3 of articular cartilage

A

More vertical, resist more compression

60
Q

Zone 4 of articular cartilage

A

Vertical fiber direction resists compression

61
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Make & secrete matrix

Electrical activity elicits a synthesis response

62
Q

Unique property of AC

A

Fluid component. Water content decreases and PG content increases with depth of tissue

PT 506 Kinesiology (10 decks)

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