Joint Structure and Function Flashcards
Open Kinematic Chain
Distal joint segment is free to move while proximal segment provides stability
Closed Kinematic Chain
Distal joint segment is “fixed” from moving while proximal segments are allowed to move on stable distal segment
Stability Joints
Simple Designs
Mobility Joints
More complex joints
Transegrity
Joints that serve stability and mobility roles
Arthoses
1) Synarthroses/Synarthrodial (nonsynovial)
2) Diarthroses/Diarthrodial
Synarthroses
1) Fibrous
2) Cartilagenous Tissue
Diarthroses/Diarthrodial (synovial)
Friction free environment
Fibrous Joints
1) Sutures
2) Gomphoses
3) Syndesmoses
Sutures
Bone united by collagenous sutural ligament or membrane
Shapes interlock or overlap
Occurs only in the skull
Gomphosis
Surfaces adapted like a peg in hole
Connected via fibrous tissue
Teeth
Syndesmosis
Bones joined directly by an interosseous ligament or cord or aponeurotic membrane
Small amount of motion
EX: between radius and ulna
Cartilagenous Joints
1) Symphysis Joint
2) Synchondrosis Joint
Symphysis Joint
Secondary Joint
Covered by thin lamina of hyaline cartilage & directly joined by fibrocartilage in the form of disks or pads
Synchondrosis Joint
Primary Cartilagenous
Hyaline cartilage joins the surface
Forms a bond at ossifying centers
Permits growth, stability
Diarthoses
End of bony components are free to move
Synovial Joints
Synovial Joint Construction
Joint Capsule
Joint Cavity
Synovial tissue lining inner capsule face
Synovial fluid
Hyaline cartilage/AC lining contiguous bones
Joint Capsule
Ranges from thin, loose, redundant to thick and dense
Stratum Fibrosum
Outer Fibrous capsule composed of DCT
Type I collagen
Poorly vascularized and richly innervated
Stratum Synovium
Inner synovial fluid production
Highly vascularized and richly innervated
Synovial Fluid
Thin film that covers inner layer of joint capsule and AC
Reduces friction and provides nourishment
Composed of hyaluronic Acid and Lubricin
Hyaluronic Acid
Responsible for viscosity of fluid and reduction of friction
Lubricin
Responsible for cartilage on cartilage lubrication
Thixotropic Property
Semi-solid fluid state
Viscosity varies inversely with joint velocity or rate shear
Uniaxial diarthroses
1 plane of motion around 1 axis
Biaxial diarthroses
2 planes of motion around 2 axes
Triaxial diarthroses
3 planes of motion around 3 axis
Trochoid Joint
Pivot joints
Ring shaped component and other component rotates in the ring
Ovoid Joint
Any joint with one surface convex while the other is concave
Biaxial Diarthrodial Joints
Condyloid Joints
Saddle Joints
Multiaxial Joints
Plane Joints
Ball and Socked Joints
Osteokinematics
Movement of one bony shaft in relation to another in a particular plane
Arthrokinematics
Movement of joint surfaces in relation to each other
Accessory movements occur in combination with each other
Loss in arthrokinematics may ____
equal loss in gross osteokinematic ROM
Roll
Rolling ball, occurs in the direction of osteokinematic motion
Slide/Glide
Skate on ice or intervertebral facet joint motion; direction of motion dependent on joint structure
Spin
Marble spinning on a table; radius on capitulum
Concave-Convex Rule
When a concave articular surface moves on a stationary convex surface, roll and slide occur in the same direction
Concave-Convex Rule
Convex surface moving on a concave surface; roll and slide occur in opposite directions
Must have a force couple
Closed Vs Open Chain
Osteo and arthrokinematic movements are typically the same in open or closed chain; but the timing, sequence, or magnitude may be different
Reaction force
Produced within a passive structure to resist compressive or tensile forces and is a result of the structure of anatomical tissue
