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Patho- > Tissue integrity > Flashcards

Tissue integrity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest organ of the body?

What percent of the body weight does it account for?

A

skin

20%

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2
Q

Keratinocytes

A

keratin to form the superficial layer of the epidermis

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3
Q

What does the underlying epidermis contain?

A

basal and a spinous layer with melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells.

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4
Q

what is the dermis composed of?

A

Connective tissue elements, hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

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5
Q

What does the subcutaneous layer contain?

A

fat cells and connective tissue

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6
Q

What are dermal appendages?

A

nails, hair, sebaceous glands, and eccrine and apocrine sweat glands.

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the papillary capillaries

A

provide the major blood supply to the skin, arising from deeper arterial plexuses. The sympathetic nervous system regulates skin blood flow

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8
Q

What regulates heat loss and concervation

A

by arteriovenous anastomoses that lead to the papillary capillaries.

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9
Q

What are some components in the skin of older adults versus younger adults?

A
  • thinner and drier, with less collagen; it has fewer capillary loops and fewer changes in pigmentation
  • more permeable (decreased sweating, loss of thermal regulation, decreased protective functions)
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10
Q

What leads to thinner and grey hair?

A

Loss of melanocytes and hair follicles

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11
Q

How do pressure ulcer develop?

A

Continuous pressure and shearing forces that occlude capillary blood flow, with resulting ischemia and necrosis

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12
Q

What locations are at greater risk for pressure ulcers?

A

points over bony prominences, such as the greater trochanter, sacrum, ischia, and heels

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13
Q

Who is at greater risk for pressure ulcers?

A

Immobilized individuals with fractures and neurologic deficits

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14
Q

What are keloids?

A

Scars that extend beyond the border of injury and result from abnormal fibroblast activity and excess collagen formation

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15
Q

What are hypertrophic scars?

A

elevated erythematous fibrous lesions that do not expand beyond the border of injury.

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16
Q

What is pruritus associated with?

A

many skin disorders

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17
Q

What processes contribute to pruritus/itching?

A

Itch mediators, peripheral polymodal C nerve fibers, and central processes

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18
Q

What can scratching cause when you have a rash?

A

skin trauma, infection, and scarring

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19
Q

What is allergic contact dermititis

A

form of delayed hypersensitivity that develops with sensitization to allergens, such as metals, chemicals, or poison ivy

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20
Q

How does irritant contact dematitis develop

A

develops as an inflammatory response to prolonged exposure to chemicals, such as acids or soaps

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21
Q

What is atopic or allergic dermatitis associated with?

A

family history of allergies, hay fever, elevated IgE levels, and increased histamine sensitivity
-it is more common in children

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22
Q

Where does stasis dermatitis occur

A

on the legs and results from venous stasis and edema

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23
Q

What is seborrheic dermatitis and what is the cause

A

scaly, yellowish, inflammatory plaques of the scalp, eyebrows, eyelids, ear canals, chest, axillae, and back
-cause is unknown

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24
Q

What are Papulosquamous disorders are characterized by?

A

papules, scales, plaques, and erythema

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25
Q

What is Psoriasis

A

chronic, autoimmune, T-cell–mediated inflammatory skin disease with thickening of the epidermis and dermis characterized by scaly, erythematous pruritic plaques

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26
Q

What are the forms of Psoriasis?

A

plaque, inverse, guttate, pustular, and erythrodermic

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27
Q

What are some systemic complications of Psoriasis?

A

Arthritis and cardiovascular disease

-and others

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28
Q

What is Pityriasis rosea?

A

self-limiting disease characterized by oval lesions, with scales around the edges located along skin lines of the trunk.

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29
Q

What is a lichen planus?

A

papular, violet-colored, autoimmune inflammatory lesion involving T cells and inflammatory cytokines

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30
Q

How is a lichen planus manifested?

A

Severe pruritus and can involve both skin and mucous membrane lesions.

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31
Q

What is acne vulgaris?

A

Facial inflammation of the pilosebaceous follicles with hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands and telangiectasia, particularly of the nose

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32
Q

Where does acne rosacea develop?

What is it?

A

middle third of the face, with hypertrophy and inflammation of the sebaceous glands that may be the result of infection or immune-mediated inflammation.

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33
Q

What is lupus erythematosus?

A

inflammatory autoimmune disease that can affect only the skin (discoid) or have a systemic presentation

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34
Q

Where does lupus erythematosus usually occur?

A

in sun-exposed areas, with a butterfly distribution over the nose and cheeks.

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35
Q

What is Pemphigus?

A

chronic, autoimmune, blistering disease that begins in the mouth or on the scalp and spreads to other parts of the body, often with a fatal outcome

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36
Q

What are the forms of Pemphigus?

A

pemphigus vulgaris (most common), pemphigus foliaceus, paraneoplastic pemphigus, and IgA pemphigus

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37
Q

What is Bullous pemphigoid

A

benign, autoimmune blistering disease that resolves rapidly.

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38
Q

What is Erythema multiforme?

A

an acute inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes with lesions that appear target-like, with alternating rings of edema and inflammation
-often associated with allergic reactions to drugs.

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39
Q

What is folliculitis

A

bacterial infection of the hair follicle.

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40
Q

What is furuncle?

A

infection of the hair follicle that extends to the surrounding tissue

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41
Q

What is a carbuncle?

A

collection of infected hair follicles that forms a draining abscess

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42
Q

What is cellulitis

A

a diffuse infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue

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43
Q

What is Erysipelas?

A

a superficial streptococcal infection of the skin commonly affecting the face, ears, and lower legs

44
Q

Impetigo

A

bullous or an ulcerative form and is caused by Staphylococcus or Streptococcus
-more common in children

45
Q

What does HSV-1 cause?

How is it spread?

A

cold sores but can infect the cornea, mouth, and labia. HSV-2 causes genital lesions
-usually spread by sexual contact.

46
Q

What are warts?

A

benign, rough, elevated lesions caused by a papillomavirus

47
Q

How are Venereal warts (condylomata acuminata) spread?

A

spread by sexual contact

48
Q

What are Tinea Skin infections (fungal infections)?

How are they classified?

A
  • can occur anywhere on the body

- classified by location (e.g., tinea pedis, tinea corporis, tinea capitis)

49
Q

What causes Candidiasis?

Where is it found?

A

C. albicans on skin, on mucous membranes, and in the gastrointestinal tract.

50
Q

What is Cuaneous vasculitis?

A

immune-mediated inflammation of skin blood vessels with purpura, ischemia, and necrosis resulting from vessel necrosis

51
Q

What are Urticarial lesions associated with?

What do they appear as?

A
  • type I hypersensitivity responses

- appear as wheals, welts, or hives.

52
Q

What is localized scleroderma?

A

immune-mediated sclerosis of the skin that also may affect muscle, bone, and other body organs

53
Q

What do ticks cause?

A

local reaction on the skin of humans and can cause systemic disease when mouthparts pierce the skin and remain embedded in the tissue.

54
Q

What is lyme disease?

A
  • multisystem inflammatory disease caused by B. burgdorferi transmitted by tick bites
  • complications last for years
55
Q

What is Seborrheic keratosis

A

a proliferation of squamous cells that produce elevated, smooth, or warty lesions of varying size, usually in sun-damaged skin.

56
Q

What does Keratocanthoma arise from

A

hair follicles

57
Q

What is the result of Keratocanthoma?

A

a dome-shaped, crusty lesion filled with keratin that resolves in 3 to 4 months

58
Q

What is actinic keratosis?

What can the lesion become?

A
  • A pigmented scaly lesion that develops in sun-exposed individuals with fair skin.
  • malignant squamos cell carcinoma
59
Q

What do Nevi arise from?

What color are they?

A
  • melanocytes

- may be pigmented or fleshy pink

60
Q

What is the arrangement of Nevi and what can they transition to?

A

singly or in groups and may undergo transition to malignant melanoma

61
Q

What is the most common skin cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinoma

62
Q

What is the most common skin disease?

A

Acne vulgaris

63
Q

Who does Acne vulgaris commonly affect?

What percentage does it affect in tis population?

A

ages 12-25

85%

64
Q

What is acne characterized as?

A

noninflammatory and inflammatory lesions related to follicular hyperkeratinization, excessive sebum production, plugging of sebaceous glands, and P. acnes colonization

65
Q

What is acne conglobata?

A

sever form of acne with communicating cysts and abcesses

66
Q

What is Atopic dermatitis associated with?

A

elevated IgE levels, a family history of asthma and hay fever, and altered skin barrier function

67
Q

What does Atopic dermatitis look like?

A

Red, scaly lesions commonly occur on the face, cheeks, and flexor surfaces of the extremities in infants and young children

68
Q

What is diaper dermatitis?

A

a type of irritant contact dermatitis initiated by a combination of factors that include prolonged exposure to urine and feces

69
Q

What infection are infants usually secondarilly infected with after diaper dermatitis

A

C. Albicans

70
Q

What is impetigo?

A

contagious bacterial disease that occurs in two forms, bullous and vesicular (contagious)

71
Q

What do the toxin in impetigo produce?

A

weeping lesion with a honey-colored crust.

72
Q

What is Tinea capitis?

A

infection of the scalp

73
Q

What is Tinea Corporis?

A

infection of the body

74
Q

What type of infections are Tinea Capitis and Tinea Corporis?

A

fungal infections

75
Q

What kind of infection if C. albicans?

What is this infection also cause?

A
  • a superficial fungal infection of the mouth

- thrush

76
Q

What is Rubella also known as?

A

German or 3-day measles

77
Q

What is Rubella?

A

communicable disease characterized by fever, sore throat, enlarged cervical and postauricular nodes, and a generalized maculopapular rash that lasts 1 to 4 days.

78
Q

What is Rubeola?

A

a highly contagious disease seen in children

79
Q

What are the symptoms of Rubeola?

A

high fever, enlarged lymph nodes, conjunctivitis, and a red rash that begins on the head and spreads to the trunk and extremities

80
Q

How long does Rubeola last?

A

3 to 5 days

81
Q

What kind of complication accompany Rubeola?

A

Bacterial and viral complications

82
Q

What is Roseola

A

benign disease of infants with a sudden onset of fever that lasts 3 to 5 days, followed by a rash that lasts 24 hours

83
Q

What is chickenpox?

A

a highly contagious disease caused by the VZV

84
Q

How long are people with chickenpox contagious?

A

from 1 day before the development of the rash until about 6 days after the rash develops

85
Q

What are the symptoms of chickenpox?

A

Vesicular lesions occur on the skin and mucous membranes

86
Q

What is Herpes zoster (shingles)?

A

viral eruption of vesicles on the skin along the distribution of a sensory nerve caused by latent activation of the VZV

87
Q

What causes symptoms of complication of childrens with Herpes zoster (shingles)?

A

immune suppression in children

88
Q

What is smallpox (variola)?

A

highly contagious, deadly disease that has been eradicated worldwide by vaccination.

89
Q

What is scabies?

A

itching lesion caused by the itch mite that burrows into the skin, forming papules and vesicles

90
Q

How is the mite in scabies transmitted?

A
  • transmitted by direct contact

- very contagious

91
Q

What causes Pediculosis (lice infestation)?

A

caused by blood-sucking parasites that secrete a toxic saliva and damage the skin to produce a pruritic dermatitis

92
Q

How is Pediculosis (lice infestation) spread?

A
  • direct contact

- recognized by the ova, or nits, that attach to the shaft of body hairs

93
Q

What do flea bites produce?

A

a pruritic wheal with a central puncture site and occur as clusters in areas of tight-fitting clothing

94
Q

What are bed bugs?

A

blood-sucking parasites that live in cracks of floors, furniture, or bedding and feed at night

95
Q

What do bed bugs produce?

A

pruritic wheals and nodules

96
Q

What are hemangiomas?

A

benign vascular tumors that emerge at birth and resolve spontaneously throughout the childhood years

97
Q

What are strawberry hemangiomas?

A

(distinct, raised vascular lesions) are more superficial

98
Q

What are cavernous hemangiomas

A

larger and more mature vessels, are deeper lesions.

99
Q

What are vascular malformations?

A

Congenital anomalies of blood vessels

100
Q

What do low flow malformations involve?

A

Capillaries, veins, and lymphatics

101
Q

What do high flow malformations involve?

A

Arteries

102
Q

What are Nevus flammeus (port-wine stain)?

A

Deeper congenital malformation of the dermal capillaries, and salmon patches are more superficial vascular malformations

103
Q

What is malaria characterized by?

A

small pruritic papules or vesicles that result from prolonged exposure to perspiration and subsequent obstruction of the eccrine ducts in infants

104
Q

What is Erythema toxicum neonatorum?

A

benign, erythematous, accumulation of macules, papules, and pustules that appear at birth or 3 to 4 days after birth and then spontaneously resolve within a few weeks

105
Q

What is SJS and TEN

A

severe, immune, blistering skin reactions to drugs

106
Q

What is TEN

A

A sever form of SJS

Patho- (5 decks)

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