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Tissue integrity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest organ of the body?

What percent of the body weight does it account for?

A

skin

20%

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2
Q

Keratinocytes

A

keratin to form the superficial layer of the epidermis

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3
Q

What does the underlying epidermis contain?

A

basal and a spinous layer with melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells.

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4
Q

what is the dermis composed of?

A

Connective tissue elements, hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

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5
Q

What does the subcutaneous layer contain?

A

fat cells and connective tissue

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6
Q

What are dermal appendages?

A

nails, hair, sebaceous glands, and eccrine and apocrine sweat glands.

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the papillary capillaries

A

provide the major blood supply to the skin, arising from deeper arterial plexuses. The sympathetic nervous system regulates skin blood flow

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8
Q

What regulates heat loss and concervation

A

by arteriovenous anastomoses that lead to the papillary capillaries.

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9
Q

What are some components in the skin of older adults versus younger adults?

A
  • thinner and drier, with less collagen; it has fewer capillary loops and fewer changes in pigmentation
  • more permeable (decreased sweating, loss of thermal regulation, decreased protective functions)
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10
Q

What leads to thinner and grey hair?

A

Loss of melanocytes and hair follicles

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11
Q

How do pressure ulcer develop?

A

Continuous pressure and shearing forces that occlude capillary blood flow, with resulting ischemia and necrosis

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12
Q

What locations are at greater risk for pressure ulcers?

A

points over bony prominences, such as the greater trochanter, sacrum, ischia, and heels

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13
Q

Who is at greater risk for pressure ulcers?

A

Immobilized individuals with fractures and neurologic deficits

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14
Q

What are keloids?

A

Scars that extend beyond the border of injury and result from abnormal fibroblast activity and excess collagen formation

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15
Q

What are hypertrophic scars?

A

elevated erythematous fibrous lesions that do not expand beyond the border of injury.

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16
Q

What is pruritus associated with?

A

many skin disorders

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17
Q

What processes contribute to pruritus/itching?

A

Itch mediators, peripheral polymodal C nerve fibers, and central processes

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18
Q

What can scratching cause when you have a rash?

A

skin trauma, infection, and scarring

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19
Q

What is allergic contact dermititis

A

form of delayed hypersensitivity that develops with sensitization to allergens, such as metals, chemicals, or poison ivy

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20
Q

How does irritant contact dematitis develop

A

develops as an inflammatory response to prolonged exposure to chemicals, such as acids or soaps

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21
Q

What is atopic or allergic dermatitis associated with?

A

family history of allergies, hay fever, elevated IgE levels, and increased histamine sensitivity
-it is more common in children

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22
Q

Where does stasis dermatitis occur

A

on the legs and results from venous stasis and edema

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23
Q

What is seborrheic dermatitis and what is the cause

A

scaly, yellowish, inflammatory plaques of the scalp, eyebrows, eyelids, ear canals, chest, axillae, and back
-cause is unknown

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24
Q

What are Papulosquamous disorders are characterized by?

A

papules, scales, plaques, and erythema

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25
What is Psoriasis
chronic, autoimmune, T-cell–mediated inflammatory skin disease with thickening of the epidermis and dermis characterized by scaly, erythematous pruritic plaques
26
What are the forms of Psoriasis?
plaque, inverse, guttate, pustular, and erythrodermic
27
What are some systemic complications of Psoriasis?
Arthritis and cardiovascular disease | -and others
28
What is Pityriasis rosea?
self-limiting disease characterized by oval lesions, with scales around the edges located along skin lines of the trunk.
29
What is a lichen planus?
papular, violet-colored, autoimmune inflammatory lesion involving T cells and inflammatory cytokines
30
How is a lichen planus manifested?
Severe pruritus and can involve both skin and mucous membrane lesions.
31
What is acne vulgaris?
Facial inflammation of the pilosebaceous follicles with hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands and telangiectasia, particularly of the nose
32
Where does acne rosacea develop? | What is it?
middle third of the face, with hypertrophy and inflammation of the sebaceous glands that may be the result of infection or immune-mediated inflammation.
33
What is lupus erythematosus?
inflammatory autoimmune disease that can affect only the skin (discoid) or have a systemic presentation
34
Where does lupus erythematosus usually occur?
in sun-exposed areas, with a butterfly distribution over the nose and cheeks.
35
What is Pemphigus?
chronic, autoimmune, blistering disease that begins in the mouth or on the scalp and spreads to other parts of the body, often with a fatal outcome
36
What are the forms of Pemphigus?
pemphigus vulgaris (most common), pemphigus foliaceus, paraneoplastic pemphigus, and IgA pemphigus
37
What is Bullous pemphigoid
benign, autoimmune blistering disease that resolves rapidly.
38
What is Erythema multiforme?
an acute inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes with lesions that appear target-like, with alternating rings of edema and inflammation -often associated with allergic reactions to drugs.
39
What is folliculitis
bacterial infection of the hair follicle.
40
What is furuncle?
infection of the hair follicle that extends to the surrounding tissue
41
What is a carbuncle?
collection of infected hair follicles that forms a draining abscess
42
What is cellulitis
a diffuse infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue
43
What is Erysipelas?
a superficial streptococcal infection of the skin commonly affecting the face, ears, and lower legs
44
Impetigo
bullous or an ulcerative form and is caused by Staphylococcus or Streptococcus -more common in children
45
What does HSV-1 cause? | How is it spread?
cold sores but can infect the cornea, mouth, and labia. HSV-2 causes genital lesions -usually spread by sexual contact.
46
What are warts?
benign, rough, elevated lesions caused by a papillomavirus
47
How are Venereal warts (condylomata acuminata) spread?
spread by sexual contact
48
What are Tinea Skin infections (fungal infections)? | How are they classified?
- can occur anywhere on the body | - classified by location (e.g., tinea pedis, tinea corporis, tinea capitis)
49
What causes Candidiasis? | Where is it found?
C. albicans on skin, on mucous membranes, and in the gastrointestinal tract.
50
What is Cuaneous vasculitis?
immune-mediated inflammation of skin blood vessels with purpura, ischemia, and necrosis resulting from vessel necrosis
51
What are Urticarial lesions associated with? | What do they appear as?
- type I hypersensitivity responses | - appear as wheals, welts, or hives.
52
What is localized scleroderma?
immune-mediated sclerosis of the skin that also may affect muscle, bone, and other body organs
53
What do ticks cause?
local reaction on the skin of humans and can cause systemic disease when mouthparts pierce the skin and remain embedded in the tissue.
54
What is lyme disease?
- multisystem inflammatory disease caused by B. burgdorferi transmitted by tick bites - complications last for years
55
What is Seborrheic keratosis
a proliferation of squamous cells that produce elevated, smooth, or warty lesions of varying size, usually in sun-damaged skin.
56
What does Keratocanthoma arise from
hair follicles
57
What is the result of Keratocanthoma?
a dome-shaped, crusty lesion filled with keratin that resolves in 3 to 4 months
58
What is actinic keratosis? | What can the lesion become?
- A pigmented scaly lesion that develops in sun-exposed individuals with fair skin. - malignant squamos cell carcinoma
59
What do Nevi arise from? | What color are they?
- melanocytes | - may be pigmented or fleshy pink
60
What is the arrangement of Nevi and what can they transition to?
singly or in groups and may undergo transition to malignant melanoma
61
What is the most common skin cancer?
Basal cell carcinoma
62
What is the most common skin disease?
Acne vulgaris
63
Who does Acne vulgaris commonly affect? | What percentage does it affect in tis population?
ages 12-25 | 85%
64
What is acne characterized as?
noninflammatory and inflammatory lesions related to follicular hyperkeratinization, excessive sebum production, plugging of sebaceous glands, and P. acnes colonization
65
What is acne conglobata?
sever form of acne with communicating cysts and abcesses
66
What is Atopic dermatitis associated with?
elevated IgE levels, a family history of asthma and hay fever, and altered skin barrier function
67
What does Atopic dermatitis look like?
Red, scaly lesions commonly occur on the face, cheeks, and flexor surfaces of the extremities in infants and young children
68
What is diaper dermatitis?
a type of irritant contact dermatitis initiated by a combination of factors that include prolonged exposure to urine and feces
69
What infection are infants usually secondarilly infected with after diaper dermatitis
C. Albicans
70
What is impetigo?
contagious bacterial disease that occurs in two forms, bullous and vesicular (contagious)
71
What do the toxin in impetigo produce?
weeping lesion with a honey-colored crust.
72
What is Tinea capitis?
infection of the scalp
73
What is Tinea Corporis?
infection of the body
74
What type of infections are Tinea Capitis and Tinea Corporis?
fungal infections
75
What kind of infection if C. albicans? | What is this infection also cause?
- a superficial fungal infection of the mouth | - thrush
76
What is Rubella also known as?
German or 3-day measles
77
What is Rubella?
communicable disease characterized by fever, sore throat, enlarged cervical and postauricular nodes, and a generalized maculopapular rash that lasts 1 to 4 days.
78
What is Rubeola?
a highly contagious disease seen in children
79
What are the symptoms of Rubeola?
high fever, enlarged lymph nodes, conjunctivitis, and a red rash that begins on the head and spreads to the trunk and extremities
80
How long does Rubeola last?
3 to 5 days
81
What kind of complication accompany Rubeola?
Bacterial and viral complications
82
What is Roseola
benign disease of infants with a sudden onset of fever that lasts 3 to 5 days, followed by a rash that lasts 24 hours
83
What is chickenpox?
a highly contagious disease caused by the VZV
84
How long are people with chickenpox contagious?
from 1 day before the development of the rash until about 6 days after the rash develops
85
What are the symptoms of chickenpox?
Vesicular lesions occur on the skin and mucous membranes
86
What is Herpes zoster (shingles)?
viral eruption of vesicles on the skin along the distribution of a sensory nerve caused by latent activation of the VZV
87
What causes symptoms of complication of childrens with Herpes zoster (shingles)?
immune suppression in children
88
What is smallpox (variola)?
highly contagious, deadly disease that has been eradicated worldwide by vaccination.
89
What is scabies?
itching lesion caused by the itch mite that burrows into the skin, forming papules and vesicles
90
How is the mite in scabies transmitted?
- transmitted by direct contact | - very contagious
91
What causes Pediculosis (lice infestation)?
caused by blood-sucking parasites that secrete a toxic saliva and damage the skin to produce a pruritic dermatitis
92
How is Pediculosis (lice infestation) spread?
- direct contact | - recognized by the ova, or nits, that attach to the shaft of body hairs
93
What do flea bites produce?
a pruritic wheal with a central puncture site and occur as clusters in areas of tight-fitting clothing
94
What are bed bugs?
blood-sucking parasites that live in cracks of floors, furniture, or bedding and feed at night
95
What do bed bugs produce?
pruritic wheals and nodules
96
What are hemangiomas?
benign vascular tumors that emerge at birth and resolve spontaneously throughout the childhood years
97
What are strawberry hemangiomas?
(distinct, raised vascular lesions) are more superficial
98
What are cavernous hemangiomas
larger and more mature vessels, are deeper lesions.
99
What are vascular malformations?
Congenital anomalies of blood vessels
100
What do low flow malformations involve?
Capillaries, veins, and lymphatics
101
What do high flow malformations involve?
Arteries
102
What are Nevus flammeus (port-wine stain)?
Deeper congenital malformation of the dermal capillaries, and salmon patches are more superficial vascular malformations
103
What is malaria characterized by?
small pruritic papules or vesicles that result from prolonged exposure to perspiration and subsequent obstruction of the eccrine ducts in infants
104
What is Erythema toxicum neonatorum?
benign, erythematous, accumulation of macules, papules, and pustules that appear at birth or 3 to 4 days after birth and then spontaneously resolve within a few weeks
105
What is SJS and TEN
severe, immune, blistering skin reactions to drugs
106
What is TEN
A sever form of SJS

Patho- (5 decks)

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