Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Patho- > Pain > Flashcards

Pain Flashcards

1
Q

What is pain?

A

an unpleasant sensation but important for injury awareness/protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the specificity theory?

A
  • Sensations of touch, warmth, cold and pain involve specific receptors and pathways
  • Amt of pain is related to the amt of tissue injury
  • Accounts for many types of injuries but doesn’t explain psychologic contributions to pain/chronic pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the pattern theory?

A

Describes the role of impulse intensity and re-patterning of the CNS.

  • Pain is experienced due to pattern of nerve impulses (but not specific receptors/nerves)
  • Doesn’t account for all pain experiences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the Gate-control theory?

A

-Explains the complexities of the pain phenomenon.
◦ Stimulation of the large Type A beta and alpha inhibitory fibers “close the gate” at the substantia gelatinosa and inhibiting pain conduction along Type A delta and C fibers
◦ Stimuli thought to close the gate include electrical stimulation, massage, scratching or rubbing of the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What serves as the gate control system and regulates the transmission of pain impulses

A

The substantia gelatinosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What closes the gate in the Gate-control theory?

What does this do?

A
  • Stimulation of the large Type A beta and alpha inhibitory fibers at the substantia gelatinosa
  • inhibits pain conduction along Type A delta and C fibers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the Neuromatrix theory?

A

Widely distributed neural network in the brain that integrates multiple sources of input resulting in the cognitive, affective and sensory perceptions of pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What influences variations in the neuromatrix?

A

genetic, emotional, cultural, past experience and stress regulation influences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What induces sensation patterns in the neuromatrix theory?

A

absence of a sensory trigger (may explain phantom and chronic pain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the phases of nociception?

A

Transduction, transmission, perception, modulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the transmission phase of nociception?

A

Conduction of pain impulses along the

A and C fibers into the spinal cord and to the brainstem, thalamus, and cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the perception phase of nociception?

A

Is the conscious awareness of pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the transduction phase of nociception?

A

Begins when tissue is damaged by exposure to chemical, mechanical, or thermal noxious stimuli and is converted to electrophysiologic activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the modulation phase of nociception?

A

Is the physiologic process of suppressing or facilitating pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is nociceptors?

A

Are bare nerve endings in the skin, muscle, etc that respond to chemical, mechanical, and thermal stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are mylenated A-delta fibers?

A

Transmission is fast and conveys mechanical and thermal, sharp, and localized pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is pain threshold?

A
  • the point at which a stimulus is perceived as pain

- Doesn’t significantly vary among people or in the same person over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is pain tolerance?

A
  • duration of time or intensity of pain that an individual will endure before initiating overt pain responses
  • varies greatly among people and in the same person over time.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are unmylenated C fibers?

A

Transmission is slower and conveys diffuse burning and aching sensations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Nociceptive pain?

A

Pain with normal tissue injury from a known cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Nonnociceptive pain?

A

Neuropathic pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is acute pain?

A

-protective mechanism

Alerts to a condition or experience that is immediately harmful to the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is acute somatic pain?

A

Arises from connective tissue, muscle, bone, and skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is acute Visceral pain?

A
  • Pain arises from the internal organs and lining of body cavities.
  • Pain is poorly localized (result of the fewer number of nociceptors)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the two types of Nociceptive pain?
Somatic and visceral
26
What are the two types of Nonnociceptive pain?
peripheral and central
27
How long does acute pain last?
Less than 3 months
28
What are the clinical manifestations of acute pain?
Physiological responses: Tachycardia, hypertension, diaphoresis, dilated pupils, outward pain behaviors, elevated blood sugar levels, decreased gastric acid secretion and intestinal motility, general decrease in blood flow
29
What is referred pain?
- Pain in an area is removed or distant from its point of origin. - Area of referred pain is supplied by the same spinal segment as the actual site
30
Is referred pain acute or chronic?
Both
31
What is though to cause chronic pain?
dysregulation of nociception and pain modulation processes
32
How long does chronic pain last?
at least 3 months
33
What are complications of chronic pain?
behavioral and psychologic changes, such as depression, difficulty eating, and difficulty sleeping
34
What are Myofascial pain syndrome?
- Injury to the muscle and fascia and tendons has occurred. | - Spasm, tenderness, and stiffness
35
What are examples of chronic pain syndromes?
Myofascial pain syndrome, cancer pain, chronic post-operative pain, neuropathic pain, phantom limb pain, complex regional pain syndrome
36
What is neuropathic pain the result of?
- Is the result of trauma or disease to the PNS or CNS | - Is most often chronic
37
What are the two types of neuropathic pain
Central and peripheral
38
What causes central neuropathic pain?
caused by a lesion or dysfunction in the brain or spinal cord
39
What is phantom limb pain?
Pain is felt in an amputated limb after the stump has completely healed
40
What is complex regional injury syndrome?
Develops 1 to 2 weeks after an extremity injury or an injury to the brachial plexus or the median, sciatic, or other peripheral nerves
41
What are the clinical manifestations of neuropathic pain?
- Include paroxysmal with hyperesthesia and paresthesia (tingling sensations of pins and needles), burning, shooting, or stabbing sensations - “gnawing” and miserable
42
T or F: Pathways associated with pain are functional in preterm and newborn infants
T
43
How do infants express pain?
Facial expression Crying Body language Lack of consolability
44
T or F: children ages 5-18 have a lower pain threshold than adults
T
45
T or F: Pain threshold decreases as you age
F
46
T or F: Pain tolerance decreases as you age
T
47
What occur in terms of drug metabolism as you age?
alterations
48
How is temperature regulation achieved?
precise balancing of heat production, heat conservation, and heat loss
49
What is normal temperature range?
36.2° to 37.7° C (97.2° to 99.9° F)
50
Variable temperature are based on
- Location - Activity - Environment - Circadian rhythm - Gender
51
What part of the brain control temperature regulation?
hypothalamus
52
What controls heat production and conservation?
- Chemical reactions of metabolism - Skeletal muscle contraction - Chemical thermogenesis - Vasoconstriction - Voluntary mechanisms
53
Can infants conserve body heat?
No
54
Can infants produce body heat?
Yes
55
Why can't infants conserve body heat?
- Small body size and high body surface–to-weight ratio - Inability to shiver - Thin subcutaneous layer
56
Why can't older adults regulate body temperature?
- Blood circulation and vasoconstrictive responses are slowed - Metabolic rate is decreased - Shivering is decreased and ineffective. - Sweating and the perceptions of heat and cold are decreased
57
What are Exogenous pyrogens?
Endotoxins produced by pathogens
58
What are Endogenous pyrogens?
Prostaglandin-E2, interleukin-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor–alpha (TNF-α), interferon-γ
59
What causes temporary resetting of the hypothalamic thermostat
- Endogenous pyrogens - Exogenous pyrogens - Endogenous cryogens or antipyretics
60
What are benefits of fever?
- Aids infectious response and kills organisms - Decreases the serum levels of iron, zinc, and copper - Deprives bacteria of food - Promotes lysosomal breakdown and autodestruction of cells - Increases lymphocytic transformation and phagocyte motility
61
Fever response in older adults
Have a decreased or no fever response to infection
62
Fever response in children
- Develop higher temperatures than adults for relatively minor infections - May have febrile seizures
63
What are heat cramps?
severe cramps in the abdomen and extremities
64
What are some other symptoms of heat cramps?
Fever, rapid pulse, and increased blood pressure often accompany the cramps
65
How do you treat heat cramps?
Diluted salt solutions are administered
66
In who are heat cramps common?
people unaccustomed to heat or performing strenuous work in warm climates.
67
When do heat cramps usually occur?
prolonged sweating and associated sodium loss
68
What is heat exhaustion?
Collapse in response to prolonged high core or environmental temperatures
69
What are the clinical manifestations of heat exhaustion?
Dizziness, weakness, nausea, syncope
70
What is the treatment of heat exhaustion?
Stop activity, lie down, drink warm fluids
71
What happens during heat exhaustion?
- Prolonged vasodilation, profuse sweating | - Dehydration, hypotension, decreased cardiac output, tachycardia
72
What is heat stroke?
Is a potentially lethal result of a breakdown in an overstressed thermoregulatory center
73
At what temperature can the brain not tolerate?
higher than 40.5° C (104.9° F)
74
What are the clinical manifestations of heat stroke?
Cerebral edema, degeneration of the CNS, renal tubular necrosis, ceased sweating
75
How do you treat heat stroke?
Remove from the warm environment | -use cooling blanket or cool water bath or ice packs on the head, neck, groin, and axilla
76
Who is most susceptible to heat stroke?
Children
77
What is considered hypothermia?
lower than 35°C (95°F)
78
What reaction does hypothermia produce?
- Vasoconstriction, alterations in the microcirculation, coagulation, ischemic tissue damage - Ice crystals, which form inside the cells, cause cells to rupture and die
79
What happens during accidental hypothermia?
- Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is depleted | - Passive or active rewarming can be used
80
What is usually the cause of accidental hypothermia?
sudden immersion in cold water or prolonged exposure to cold
81
Which happens during therapeutic hypothermia?
- ATP is preserved. | - used to slow metabolism and preserve ischemic tissue during surgery, especially brain surgery, or limb reimplantation
82
What is sleep considered and what does it provide?
- an active, multiphase process | - Provides restorative functions, and promotes memory consolidation.
83
What are the two phases of sleep
- Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep | - Non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep
84
Where is the sleep center located
Hypothalamus
85
How many hours to newborns sleep a day? | What kind of sleep is this?
- 16-17 hours | - REM (entered immediately)
86
At what age do children assume adult sleep patterns?
during the first 2-5
87
Why is sleep important in children?
for growth and development
88
What happens with sleep as you age
total sleep time decrease because more time is needed to fall asleep and awaken more during the night
89
What part of sleep decreases as you age?
REM sleep
90
What are the causes for change in sleep cycles?
- Physical ailments - Lack of daily routine - Circadian rhythm changes - Medications
91
How many classification of sleep disorders are there?
4
92
What is dyssomnia
-Intrinsic and extrinsic sleep disorders and circadian rhythm sleep disorders
93
What is parasomnia
Arousal and sleep-wake transition disorders and REM sleep disorders
94
What are the 4 classification of sleep disorders?
dyssomnia, parasomnia, sleep disorders associated with mental, neurologic, or other medical disorders, proposed sleep disorders

Patho- (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions