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MC1: Introduction > Tissue > Flashcards

Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

are collections of specialized cells and the extracellular substances surrounding them.

A

Tissues

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2
Q

four types of body tissues:

A

epithelial tissue
connective tissue
muscle tissue
nervous tissue

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3
Q

____, or epithelium, covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside the body

A

Epithelial tissue

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4
Q

Epithelial tissue other term

A

epithelium

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5
Q

Functions of Epithelial tissue

A 
Protecting underlying structures. 
Acting as a barrier.
Permitting the passage of substances.
Secreting substances.
Absorbing substances.
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6
Q

Single layer of cells according to Epithelial tissue

A

Simple epithelium

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7
Q

What are the shape of simple cell

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

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8
Q

More than one layer of cells

A

Stratified epithelium

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9
Q

Stratified cell shape

A 
Squamous
Nonkeratinized (moist)
Keratinized
Cuboidal (very rare)
Columnar (very rare)
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10
Q

Modification of simple epithelium

A

Pseudostratified epithelium

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11
Q

Pseudostratified cell shape

A

Columnar

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12
Q

Modification of stratified epithelium

A

transitional epithelium

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13
Q

transitional cell shape

A

Roughly cuboidal to columnar when not stretched and squamouslike when stretched

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14
Q

Structure: single layer of flat, often hexagonal cell; the nuclei appear as a bumps when viewed as a cross section because the cells are so flat

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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15
Q

Function: Diffusion, filtration, some secretion, and some protection against friction

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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16
Q

Location: Lining a blood vessels (endothelium) and small ducts, alveoli of the lungs, portions of the kidney tubules, lining of serous membranes (mesothelium) of the body cavities (pleural, pericardial, peritoneal), and inner surface of the the tympanic membranes

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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17
Q

Lining a blood vessels

A

endothelium

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18
Q

lining of serous membranes

A

mesothelium

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19
Q

body cavities

A

pleural, pericardial, peritoneal

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20
Q

Structure: Single layer of cube shaped cells; some cells have microvilli (kidney tubules) or cilia (terminal bronchioles of the lungs)

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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21
Q

kidney tubules

A

microvilli

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22
Q

terminal bronchioles of the lungs

A

cilia

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23
Q

Function: Secretion and absorption by cells of the of glands and choroid plexuses; movement of particles embedded in mucus out of the terminal bronchioles by ciliated cells

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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24
Q

Location: Kidney tubules, glands and their ducts, choroid plexuses of the brain, lining of terminal bronchioles of the lings, surfaces of the ovaries.

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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25
Q

Structure: single layer of tall, narrow cells; some cells have cilia (bronchioles of lungs, auditory tubes, uterine tubes, and uterus) and microvilli (intestines

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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26
Q

Movement of particles out of the bronchioles of the lungs by ciliated cells; partially responsible for the movement of oocytes through the uterine tubes by ciliated cells of the glands, the stomach, and the intestines; absorption by cells of the small and large intestines.

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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27
Q

Location: Glands and some ducts, bronchioles of the lungs, auditory tubes, uterus, uterine tubes, stomach, intestines, gall bladder, bile ducts, ventricles of the brain

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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28
Q

Structure: multiple layers of cells that are cube-shaped in the basal layer and progressively flattened toward the surface; the epithelium can be nonkeratinized (moist) or keratinized; in nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, the surface cells retain a nucleus and cytoplasm; in keratinized stratified epithelium; the cytoplasm of cells at the surface is replaced by a protein called keratin, and the cells are dead.

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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29
Q

Function: protection against abrasion; a barrier against infection, reduction of water loss from the body

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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30
Q

Location: keratinized - primarily in skin; nonkeratinized- mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, inferior urethra, cornea

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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31
Q

Structure: multiple layers of somewhat cube-shaped cells

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

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32
Q

Function: secretion, absorpation, protection against infection

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

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33
Q

Location: sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicular cells, salivary gland ducts

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

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34
Q

Structure: multiple layers of cells with tall, thin cells resting on layers of more cube-shaped cells; the cells are ciliated in the larynx.

A

Stratified columnar epithelium

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35
Q

Function: Protection, secretion

A

Stratified columnar epithelium

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36
Q

Location: Mammary gland ducts, larynx, a portion of the male urethra

A

Stratified columnar epithelium

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37
Q

Structure: single layer of cells; some cells are tall and thin and reach the free surface, and others do not; the nuclei of these cells are at different levels and appear stratified; the cells are almost always ciliated and are associated with goblet cells that secrete mucus onto the free surface

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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38
Q

Function: Synthesize and secret mucus onto the free surface; move mucus (or fluid) that contains foreign particles over the surface of the free surface and from passages.

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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39
Q

Location: Lining of the nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, auditory tubbes, pharynx, trachea, bronchi of the lungs

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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40
Q

Structure: stratified cells that appear cube shaped when the organ or tube is not stretched and squamous when the organ or tube is stretched by fluid; the number of layers also decreases on stretch

A

Transitional epithelium

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41
Q

Function: accommodate fluctuation in the volume of fluid in organs or tubes; protect against the caustic effects of urin

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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42
Q

Location: lining of the urinary bladder, ureters, superior urethra

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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43
Q

is the most abundant tissue in the human body

A

Connective tissue

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44
Q

its main functions are to bind tissues together, reinforcement, insulation, protection and support

A

Connective tissue

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45
Q

functions of connective tissue:

A
  1. Enclosing and separating other tissues.
  2. Connecting tissues to one another.
  3. Supporting and moving parts of the body.
  4. Storing compounds.
  5. Cushioning and insulating
  6. Transporting
  7. Protecting
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46
Q

Structure: the mesenchymal cells are irregularly shaped; the extracellular matrix is abundant and contains scattered reticular fibers

A

Mesenchyme

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47
Q

Location: Mesenchyme is the embryonic tissue from which connective tissues, as well as other tissues, arise

A

Mesenchyme

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48
Q

Structure: mucous tissue is mesenchymal tissue that remains unspecialized; the cells are irregularly shaped; the extracellular matrix is abundant and contains scattered reticular fibers

A

Mucous connective tissue

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49
Q

Location: umbilical cord of newborn

A

Mesenchyme

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50
Q

Structure: cells within a fine network of mostly collagen fibers; often merges with denser conncetive tissue

A

areolar connective tissue

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51
Q

Function: Loose packing, support, and nourishment for the structures with which it is associated

A

areolar connective tissue

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52
Q

Location: widely distributed throughout the body; substance on which epithelial basement membranes rest; packing between glands, muscles, and nerves attaches the skin to underlying tissues

A

areolar connective tissue

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53
Q

Structure: little extracellular matrix surrounding cells; the adipocytes are so full of lipid that the cytoplasm is pushed to the periphery of the cell

A

Adipose tissue

54
Q

Function: packing material, thermal insulation, energy storage, and protection of organs against injury from being bumped or jarred

A

Adipose tissue

55
Q

Location: predominantly in subcutaneous areas in mesenteries, in renal pelvis, around kidneys, attached to the surface of the colon, in mammary glands, in loose connective tissue that penetrates spaces and crevices

A

Adipose tissue

56
Q

Structure: fine network of reticular fibers irregularly arranged

A

Reticular tissue

57
Q

Function: provides a superstructure for lymphatic and hemapoetic tissues

A

Reticular tissue

58
Q

Location: within the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

A

Reticular tissue

59
Q

Structure: matrix composed of collagen fibers running in somewhat the same direction

A

Dense regular collagenous connective tissue

60
Q

Function: Able to withstand great pulling forces exerted in the direction of fiber orientation; great tensile strength and stretch resistance

A

Dense regular collagenous connective tissue

61
Q

Location: Tendons and ligaments

A

Dense regular collagenous connective tissue

62
Q

Attach muscle to bone

A

Tendons

63
Q

Attach bones to each other

A

Ligament

64
Q

Matrix composed of regularly arranged collagen fibers and elastic fibers

A

dense regular elastic connective tissue

65
Q

Function: able to stretch and recoil like a rubber band, with strength in the direction of fiber orientation

A

dense regular elastic connective tissue

66
Q

Location: vocal fold and elastic ligaments between the vertebrae and along the dorsal aspect of the neck

A

dense regular elastic connective tissue

67
Q

Structure: Matrix composed of collagen fibers that run in all directions or in alternating planes of fibers oriented in a somewhat single direction

A

Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue

68
Q

Function: tensile strength capable of withstanding stretching in all directions

A

Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue

69
Q

Location: sheaths; most of the dermis of the skin; organ capsules and septa; outer covering of body tubes

A

Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue

70
Q

Structure: matrix composed of bundles and sheets of collagenous and elastic fibers oriented in multiple directions

A

Dense irregular elastic connective tissue

71
Q

Function: capable of strength, with stretching and recoil in several directions

A

Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue

72
Q

Location: elastic arteries

A

Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue

73
Q

Structure: collagen fibers are small and evenly dispersed in the matrix, making the matrix appear transparent; the cartilage cells, or chondrocytes, are found in spaces, or lacunae, within the firm but flexible matrix

A

Hyaline cartilage

74
Q

Function: allows the growth of long bones; provides rigidity with some flexibility in the trachea, bronchi, ribs, and nose; forms rugged, smooth, yet somewhat flexible articulating surfaces; forms the embryonic skeleton

A

Hyaline cartilage

75
Q

Location: growing long ones, cartilage rings of the respiratory system, costal cartilage of ribs, nasal cartilages, articulating surface of bones, embryonic skeleton

A

Hyaline cartilage

76
Q

Structure: collagen fibers similar to those in hyaline cartilage; the fibes are more numerous than in other cartilages and are arranged in thick bindles.

A

Fibrocartilage

77
Q

Function: somewhat flexible and capable of withstanding considerable pressure; connects structures subjected to great pressure

A

Fibrocartilage

78
Q

Location: intervertebral disks, symphysis pubis articular disks

A

Fibrocartilage

79
Q

Structure: similar to hyaline cartilage, but matrix also contains elastic fibers

A

elastic cartilage

80
Q

Function: provides rigidity with even more flexibility than hyaline cartilage because elastic fibers return to their original shape after being stretched.

A

Fibrocartilage

81
Q

Location: external ears, epiglottis, auditory tubes

A

Fibrocartilage

82
Q

Structure: latticelike network of scaffolding characterized by trabeculae with large spaces between them filled with hemopoietic tissue; the osteocytes, or bone cells, are located within lacunae in the trabeculae

A

Spongy bone

83
Q

Function: acts as scaffolding to provide strength and support without the greater weight of compact bone

A

Spongy bone

84
Q

Location: in the interior of the bones of the skull, vertebrae, sternum, and pelvis; in the ends of the long bones

A

Spongy bone

85
Q

Structure: hard, bony matrix predominates; many osteocytes are located within lacunaw that are distributed in a circular fashion around the central canls; small passageways connect adjacent lacunae

A

compact bone

86
Q

Function: provides grat strength and support; forms a solid outer shell on bones that keeps them from being easily broken or punctured

A

compact bones

87
Q

Location: outer portions of all bones, the shafts of long bones

A

compact bones

88
Q

Structure: blood cells and a fluid matrix

A

blood

89
Q

Function: transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, waste products, and other substances; protects the body from infections and is involved in temperature regulation

A

blood

90
Q

Location: within the blood vessels; white blood cells frequently leave the blood vessels and enter the interstitial spaces

A

blood

91
Q

Structure: reticular framework with numerous blood-forming cells (red-marrow)

A

Bone marrow

92
Q

Function: produces new blood cells; stores lipids

A

bone marrow

93
Q

blood cells

A

red marrow

94
Q

lipinds

A

yellow marrow

95
Q

Location: within marrow cavities of bone; two types: 1. red marrow in the ends of long bones and in short, flat, and irregular shaped bones and (2) yellow marrow, mostly adipose tissue, in the shafts of long bones

A

Bone marrow

96
Q

hemopoietic or blood forming tissue

A

red marrow

97
Q

main characteristic of ____ is that it contracts, or shortens, with a force and therefore is responsible for movement

A

muscle tissue

98
Q

Location: attached to bones

A

skeletal muscle

99
Q

Location: in the heart

A

cardiac muscle

100
Q

Location: in the walls of hollow organs; blood vessels, eyyes, glands, skin

A

smooth muscle

101
Q

Cell shape: very long cylindrical cells

A

skeletal muscle

102
Q

Cell shape: cylindrical cells that branch

A

cardiac muscle

103
Q

cell shape: spindle-shaped cells

A

smooth muscle

104
Q

Nucleus: multinucleated, peripherally located

A

skeletal muscle

105
Q

nucleus: single, centrally located

A

cardiac and smooth muscle

106
Q

Has striations

A

skeletal and cardiac muscle

107
Q

it is voluntary

A

skeletal smooth

108
Q

ability to contract spontaneously

A

cardial smooth

109
Q

Function: moves the body

A

skeletal muscle

110
Q

Function: provides the major force for moving blood vessels

A

cardiac muscle

111
Q

Function: moves food through the digestive tract, empties the urinary bladder, regulates blood vessel diameter, changes pupil size, contracts many gland ducts, moves hair, performs many other functions

A

smooth muscle

112
Q

there are no special features

A

skeletal muscle

113
Q

Branching fibers, intercalated disks containing gap junctions joining the cells to each other

A

cardiac muscle

114
Q

gap junctions

A

smooth muscle

115
Q

is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves and is characterized by the ability to conduct electrical signals called action potentials.

A

Nervous tissue

116
Q

the ability to conduct electrical signals called

A

action potentials

117
Q

Nervous tissue consists of

A

neurons and neuroglia

118
Q

responsible for its conductive ability

A

neurons

119
Q

support cells

A

neuroglia

120
Q

are the functioning unit of the nervous system.

A

neurons

121
Q

nourish, protect, and insulate neurons.

A

Neuroglia

122
Q

Neuron is composed of three major parts:

A

Cell body
dendrites
axons

123
Q

contains the nucleus and is the site of general cell functions

A

Cell body

124
Q

usually receive action potentials

A

Dendrites

125
Q

conducts action potentials away from the cell body

A

Axons

126
Q

is the response that occurs when tissues are damaged.

A

Inflammation

127
Q

Inflammation has five major manifestations

A 
redness
heat
swelling
pain
disturbed function
128
Q

is the substitution of viable cells for dead cells

A

Tissue repair

129
Q

can occur by regeneration or replacement

A

Tissue repair

130
Q

new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed, and normal function is usually restored

A

regeneration

131
Q

a new type of tissue develops, which eventually produces a scar and causes the loss of some tissue function

A

replacement

MC1: Introduction (13 decks)

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